Human blood contains various substances and performs vital functions in the body. With the help of the circulatory system, cells are saturated with oxygen and various nutrients. With a decrease in the amount of blood, a real threat to human life occurs. It is not surprising that with the development of medicine, scientists wondered about the process of blood transfusion from healthy person sick. Over time, the problem of compatibility by groups arose, which blood type suits everyone?
Division into blood groups
The system of blood transfusion or blood transfusion was first tried at the end of the 17th century. First, the experiments were carried out on animals, and after successful results, the system was tested on humans. The first experiments were also successful. However, many procedures ended unsuccessfully, and this fact haunted the scientists of their time. Many leading experts in the field of medicine have been studying the system of transfusion and blood composition. Success in the study was achieved by the Austrian scientist K. Landsteiner in 1900.
Thanks to this immunologist, three main types of blood were discovered. The first compatibility scheme and recommendations for transfusion were also drawn up. Some time later, a fourth group was discovered and described. On this, K. Landsteiner did not stop his research and in 1940 discovered the existence of the Rh factor. Thus, the possible incompatibility of the donor and the recipient was minimized.
When is a transfusion needed?
The situation when a person may need a blood transfusion can come at any time. Therefore, it is very important to know your blood type and Rh factor. This information must be included in a personal medical record, but unforeseen circumstances can take you by surprise, and then the patient himself must provide the doctor with all the information about himself.
What biological components are used for transfusion:
| Components | Application |
|---|---|
| erythrocyte mass | Used when blood loss is 30% or more of the total. The reasons for this condition can be different: complications during surgery, severe injuries, car accidents, blood loss during childbirth, etc. |
| Leukocyte mass | Donation is used with a significant decrease in leukocytes as a result of a decrease in the number of white blood cells after chemotherapy or radiation sickness, etc. |
| Platelet mass | Transplantation of biological material is carried out in diseases that cause deviations in the hematopoietic function. |
| frozen | It is used to treat patients with liver diseases, as well as with extensive bleeding. |
Before preparing for serious medical procedures, basic medical examinations of the patient are mandatory.
Upon admission to inpatient treatment, before surgery, when registering pregnant women, etc. in case of unforeseen complications, it is necessary to determine the blood type.
In order to donate biological material and become a donor, you must contact one of the medical institutions. Healthy citizens aged 18–60 and weighing more than 50 kg are allowed to donate. A potential donor must be healthy, free from pathologies and any abnormalities. At least two weeks must have elapsed since the last medication. You should tell your doctor about past infections and medications.
Compatibility by groups and Rh factor
The process of using blood for transfusion is complicated by the fact that the donor and recipient must be compatible. Thanks to the results of many years of scientific research, today physicians around the world have comprehensive information on how to save lives through transfusion.
What type of blood can be used for transfusion to all people:
- The biomaterial of donors of the first group (O or I) can be transfused to everyone. This material does not contain antigen cells, special hereditary traits of type A and B. The versatility of the biological material allows medical institutions to stock up for emergencies.
- The blood of the second group (A or II), which is suitable as a donor for two groups at once, contains two types of antibodies at once (A and B).
- The third or type B (III) is compatible with recipients of the third and fourth groups.
- Biomaterial from donors of the fourth group (AB or IV) is extremely rare and contains two types of antibodies A and B at once. This material is used only for transfusion only for patients with group 4.
For a long time, scientists of the last century were concerned with the search for a universal donor, a person whose biological material could be used for transfusion to any recipient.
Such a need could arise in emergency cases, for example, on the battlefield or while assisting the wounded in an accident.
How is the choice of biological material for transfusion to people of different groups. The reaction of recipients to transfused material was studied.
- Representatives of the first (O or I) category are suitable only for the same type of biological material that they have.
- People with the second group (A or II) can be injected with biological material of the first and second groups.
- For a person of the third group (B or III), donor blood from the first or third is suitable.
- The recipient of the universal blood group, the fourth category (AB or IV), is suitable for absolutely any type of donor.
Despite the reasonable conclusions of scientists, the first universal group did not always give positive results during transfusion. There were cases when, even with compatible indicators, agglutination occurred. Studies on the compatibility of the donor and the recipient are still being conducted and improved.
For an RH- (Rhesus negative) recipient, it is incompatible for transfusion to use an RH+ donor ( positive Rh factor). Failure to comply with this requirement threatens serious violations that can lead to death for a person. Determining the compatibility of biological material is a complex process in which errors are unacceptable.
In medical practice, there are cases when a patient loses a critical amount of blood (more than 30% of the total volume), and then it may be necessary to transfuse it from a donor.
The procedure is carried out taking into account compatibility by group and Rh factor. Failure to comply with this condition leads to agglutination (gluing of erythrocytes), leading to the fact that the recipient falls into a state of shock, which can be fatal.
AB0 system
The group is determined according to a common scheme by which a set of agglutinogens (antigens) located on the surface of erythrocytes is detected. When foreign antigens enter the body, the immune system begins to produce special antibodies. Based on the presence or absence of these proteins, the classification of blood groups is based - AB0.
The discovery of the phenomenon of agglutination made it possible to significantly reduce the cases of death as a result of blood transfusion. A person in need of a blood transfusion (recipient), receiving the group, the carrier of which he himself, avoids death.
Blood type compatibility
At the same time, scientists discovered that there is one blood type, the owner of which can be considered a universal donor. It does not contain agglutinogens, which can contribute to blood clotting, so theoretically it can be transfused to any patient. It is designated as the first (I) or (0).
However, a person with such a blood type is a “bad” recipient, since it contains antibodies that make blood transfusion from a donor with a group different from his own impossible.
People with the first blood group make up the largest category of inhabitants of the Earth - they are about 50%.
We list the compatibility for the remaining groups:
- The second (II) or (A) contains agglutinogen A. For this reason, it can be transfused to those who have it - these are the owners of II (A) and IV (AB).
- The third (III) or (B) is suitable for those who have agglutinogen B - III (B) and IV (AB).
- The fourth (IV) can only be transmitted to someone who has the same one - since they have both A and B antigens in their composition. For the same reason, a person with this group is an ideal recipient, that is, he can accept blood from any donor.
Determination of the blood group
The process occurs in the laboratory, and consists in determining the presence or absence of erythrocyte agglutination. A few drops of blood are added to the sera, which contain α, β, α and β antibodies. Then evaluate the reaction of aggregation of erythrocytes:
- if there is no reaction, then this is the I (0) group;
- if clumping is present in sera that contain α and α + β, - II (A);
- if agglutination is observed in sera with antibodies β and α + β, - III (B);
- erythrocytes stuck together in all three sera - this is IV (AB).
Rh compatibility
In addition, there is a division based on the Rh factor (RH) (denoted as antigen D). If it is on the surface of red blood cells, then they say that the person is Rh positive (RH +), and approximately 85% of the world's population are its owners. When the antigen is absent, then the person is a carrier rhesus negative(RH-), and the remaining 15% of the population are carriers.
If a person has RH-, he is contraindicated in blood transfusion with RH+. Otherwise, a conflict is formed, which threatens with a fatal post-transfusion shock. In the same time negative Rh factor does not cause any harm to a recipient with a positive RH. Thus, group I (0) with RH- is universal.
However, in modern medical practice, it is customary for transfusions to use blood that matches the group and Rh, in order to avoid complications. The use of the first group is carried out only in extreme cases, when the absence of blood transfusion will lead to the death of the patient. The same goes for RH - in an emergency, a transfusion from a donor with a negative Rh is allowed.
Definition of compatibility
Before transfusing blood, tests are carried out to determine compatibility by group and rhesus:
- The recipient's blood serum is mixed with a drop of donor's blood. After 5 minutes, the presence or absence of agglutination is assessed. If it is not available, such blood can be used.
- The Rh factor is determined in a similar way, but a chemical is added in the presence of which a reaction is possible. Evaluation is also carried out by the presence or absence of aggregation of red blood cells.
Because there are other secondary group systems, the risk of transfusion complications remains. In order to minimize them, a biological test is carried out. The recipient receives 10–15 ml of donated blood, after which the patient is monitored. This procedure is carried out three times. If a person begins to experience back pain, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, fever, the transfusion is not performed.
Why know your blood type
This is important for several reasons:
- when emergency when transfusion is required and local group identification is difficult;
- in the same case when a person acts as a donor;
- when carrying a pregnancy, when there may be a conflict in the group or Rh in the mother and fetus, which threatens miscarriages, stillbirths, hemolytic disease newborns.
Emergency transfusion does not replace the compatibility tests between the recipient's serum and donated blood, which were described above.
As a conclusion, it should be noted that knowing the answer to the question which group is suitable for all people is of practical importance in medical practice - in the case of urgent blood transfusion. This includes the first, or according to the AB0 system - zero blood group. A prerequisite should also be her Rh negative, which, when transfused, does not cause agglutination of red blood cells in the blood of people with a positive RH.
In the case of a planned procedure, the condition of blood group and Rh compatibility must be met. In accordance with medical protocols, laboratory tests are always performed, which will eliminate the risk of complications.
In some diseases and large blood loss, a blood transfusion is performed. It is not possible to transfuse blood from any person. The blood of different people may be incompatible, i.e. the erythrocytes of the donor (the person who gave the blood) stick together with the blood plasma of the recipient (the person receiving the blood), which leads to the death of the body. Bonding of erythrocytes (agglutination) occurs if the donor's erythrocytes contain a bonding substance - agglutinogen, and the recipient's blood plasma contains a bonding substance - agglutinin.
In human blood, erythrocytes contain two agglutinogens A and B, and in plasma there are two agglutinins and . Agglutinogen A and agglutinin , agglutinogen B and agglutinin are never found in human blood at the same time. According to the compatibility of blood, which depends on immunological properties, which was discovered by Ya. Jansky in 1907, all people are divided into 4 groups.
|
Blood type designation |
Agglutinogens in erythrocytes |
Plasma agglutinins |
|
|
Digital |
Letter | ||
The first group (I, 0) - agglutinins and are contained in plasma, and agglutinogens are absent in erythrocytes.
The second group (II, A) contains agglutinin in plasma, and agglutinogen A in erythrocytes.
The third group (III, B) - plasma contains agglutinin , and agglutinogen B in erythrocytes.
The fourth group (IV, AB) - there are no agglutinins in the plasma, and agglutinogens A and B are present in erythrocytes.
Approximately 40% of people have the first and 40% of the second blood type, 15% - the third and 5% - the fourth. When transfusing blood, it is important to take into account that the red blood cells of the injected blood do not agglutinate with the blood of the person to whom the blood is injected. The recipient's erythrocytes are not exposed to such a danger, since the transfused blood plasma of the donor is diluted several times with the recipient's blood, and the agglutinins contained in it are rendered harmless. Based on the compatibility of blood types, the transfusion rule can be represented schematically.
I<>IV<>IV
Persons with blood group I can only receive blood transfusions of group I. Group I blood can be transfused to persons with any blood type. Persons with group IV can be transfused with blood of all four groups. Group IV blood can be transfused only to persons with group IV. Persons with blood groups II and III can be transfused only with blood of the same group, as well as blood of group I. The blood of persons with II and III blood groups can be transfused to people of the corresponding group and, in addition, to group IV. Persons with blood type I are called universal donors, and people with blood type IV are called universal recipients.
When transfusing blood, it must be taken into account that in the erythrocytes of 86% of people there is a protein substance called the Rh factor. It was first detected in the blood of rhesus monkeys. If blood containing this substance (Rh positive) is transfused to a person who does not have this substance (Rh negative), then specific antibodies are formed in him. When re-introduced to a Rh-negative person with Rh-positive blood, erythrocyte agglutination can occur, as well as a change in the biological properties of the blood, which leads to impaired nervous activity, severe circulatory disorders and death. You need to transfuse Rh-negative blood, and preferably the same Rh accessories.
Blood transfusion can be compared to an organ transplant, so many compatibility tests are performed before the procedure. Nowadays, blood is used for transfusion strictly suitable for such parameters as group and Rh factor. The use of incompatible blood in large volumes can result in the death of the patient.
It is believed that the first is suitable for everyone. According to modern doctors, this compatibility is very conditional and as such there is no universal blood type.
A bit of history
Attempts at blood transfusion began to be made several centuries ago. In those days, they did not yet know about the possible incompatibility by blood. Therefore, many transfusions ended unsuccessfully, and one could only hope for a lucky break. And only at the beginning of the last century, one of the most important discoveries in hematology was made. In 1900, after numerous studies, an immunologist from Austria, K. Landsteiner, discovered that all people can be divided into three types of blood (A, B, C) and, in this regard, proposed his own transfusion scheme. A little later, a fourth group was described by his student. In 1940, Landsteiner made another discovery - the Rh factor. Thus, it became possible to avoid incompatibility and save many human lives.
However, there are cases when a transfusion is urgently required, and there is no time and opportunity to look for a suitable donor, for example, this was the case during the war at the front. Therefore, physicians have always been interested in the question of which of the blood groups is universal.
What is versatility based on?
Until the middle of the 20th century, it was assumed that group I was universal. It was considered compatible with any other, so its carrier, on occasion, could be used as a universal donor.
Indeed, cases of its incompatibility with others during transfusion were noted quite rarely. However, for a long time, unsuccessful transfusions were not taken into account.
Compatibility was based on the fact that some combinations form flakes, while others do not. Clotting occurs as a result of red blood cells sticking together, which in medicine is called agglutination. It was because of the adhesion of red cells and the formation of blood clots that the death of patients occurred.
The division of blood into groups is based on the presence or absence of antigens (A and B) and antibodies (α and β) in it.
There are various proteins on the surface of red blood cells, and a set of them is laid down genetically. The molecules by which a group is defined are called antigens. Carriers of the first group do not have this antigen at all. In people from the second, red cells contain antigen A, from the third - B, from the fourth - both A and B. At the same time, there are antibodies in the plasma against foreign antigens. Against antigen A - agglutinin α and against antigen B - agglutinin β. The first group has antibodies of both types (α and β). The second has only β antibodies. In people whose group is the third, agglutinin α is contained in the plasma. People with the fourth antibody in the blood do not have at all.
When transfusing, only single-group blood can be used
If the donor has an antigen that is the same name as the antibodies of the recipient's plasma, then erythrocytes will stick together as a result of the attack of agglutinins on a foreign element. The process of coagulation begins, vascular blockage occurs, the supply of oxygen stops, and death is possible.
Since there are no antigens in the blood of group I, during its transfusion to a person with any other, erythrocytes do not stick together. For this reason, it was believed that it suits everyone.
Finally
Today, the recipient receives blood from a donor strictly with the same group and Rh factor. The use of the so-called universal blood can be justified only in emergency cases and in transfusions in limited quantities, when there is a question of saving a life, and at the moment there is no necessary one in the store.
In addition, medical scientists have found that there are many more varieties of blood. Therefore, the topic of compatibility is much broader and continues to be the subject of study.
Supporters of this diet are convinced that it does much more than just help you lose weight. Virginia Oram, an Oregon naturopath, writes that after 6 weeks of eating according to her blood type, she felt an extraordinary lightness of consciousness, "brain fog" dissipated, and mental performance improved. According to Oram, people are able to endure such a diet for 4-6 weeks because they feel just fine and do not experience discomfort.
Visser says she noticed a huge difference after she stopped eating wheat products.
"The immune system of people with blood type I is hyperactive, and is likely to overreact to certain carbohydrates," she says. “However, in people with the second blood group the immune system works rather sluggishly, and because of the clotting of lectins, the risk of cancer increases.”
Looking for harmony
Of course, for some, such a diet may seem difficult at first glance, since many foods are prohibited, which can turn a family dinner into real torment.“At first it was very difficult for me,” Visser admits. Since she herself is the owner of the first blood type, and her husband and son are the second, cooking dinner was simply an impossible task for her until Visser, in search of compromises, realized that it was much easier to eat foods that are suitable for all types.
Over time, Sue Visser developed a special menu, including a whole list of products suitable for all types and accessible to everyone.
“For example, a person with any blood type can eat rice and broccoli,” says Visser. “I changed the paradigm by asking the question: “What can absolutely everyone eat?”.
Diet forecast
However, critics unanimously argue that the results of D'Adamo's research are based on very inconclusive evidence, because no clinical studies have been conducted to prove the connection of blood type with diseases such as hypothyroidism.“People are prone to, so to speak, enchanting thinking, so when the next “doctor” offers them such a promising diet, they do not see the catch,” says Dr. Robert Carroll, an American professor of philosophy and an outspoken critic of alternative medicine. “It has long been known that there is no connection between diets, weight loss and blood type, which is why real medical scientists do not see any reason to study this issue.”
Some other doctors and nutritionists have also spoken out against this theory. In one of his reports, Dr. Victor Herbert, a former nutritionist at the New York Medical Center, even called it "bullshit."
According to Carroll, the blood type diet, like most detox diets, attracts people who are convinced of the benefits of everything “natural”, who, due to distrust of real science, resort to alternative medicine. "It's easy to find a lot of rave reviews about these 'natural and natural' products from people who are ignorant and far from science."
Diets are not in vain
Indeed, Visser has no shortage of positive reviews. She claims to have helped hundreds of people by enrolling them in a program that has helped them lose weight and cure everything from heartburn.“Everyone can experience the effectiveness of this diet,” says Visser, “It’s easy to check: just stick to a certain diet, and then break the diet and eat a piece of bread or some other forbidden product, and the previous state will return.”
However, regardless of whether the followers of this diet are mistaken or not, it really works.
According to Oram, her usual diet (according to the first blood type) includes: protein shake for breakfast, salad and fish for lunch, vegetables and meat for dinner.
Each of D'Adamo's recommended diets is healthy and balanced, as the emphasis is on lean meats or grains, and the consumption of starchy foods and sugar is limited. Eating according to your blood type has helped over 80% of people who have experienced the D'Adamo diet for themselves. However, the clue may not be your blood type at all, but simply switching to a balanced diet and reducing "empty" calories.
“If you strictly follow all dietary recommendations and choose an alternative to forbidden foods, then this will become a really healthy and healthy nutrition program,” Frances van Rijnen, a nutritionist from Cape Town, commented in an email interview.
But she also stated that, in her opinion, knowing the blood type alone is not enough to determine all the specific dietary needs for each person. “Undoubtedly, this diet has a lot of advantages, and for many it really helps to lose weight; however, each of us is unique and needs more than just blood type nutrition.”
Van Rijnen suggests that it would be much more effective to test people for allergic reactions.
“This will allow, with maximum accuracy, to exclude from the diet any specific product that causes rejection, than to exclude from the diet a number of products that are so necessary for the life of the body.”
People of the current millennium began to recognize many diseases, as well as various disorders in the body, they began to learn in advance about the approaching disease by the blood taken for analysis. Also, modern medicine has discovered different blood types. This has become an invaluable contribution to medicine because thanks to modern technologies and blood tests, you can easily determine almost all diseases in time. Nowadays, all blood tests can be carried out in any clinic with modern equipment.
Modern laboratories can help you find out about your health status in a matter of hours from a single blood test. This information is considered an invaluable contribution to the timely diagnosis and subsequent treatment of the patient. For Blood transfusion incompatible by group, in most cases leads to sad consequences. Basically, the consequences are; there is renal failure, hemolytic and as a result of which death occurs. The cause of all these consequences is the agglutination of red blood cells in the blood. Data on a person's blood in most countries is written in the passport, since this information is very important in many aspects. In people whose work is associated with increased risk (soldiers, military), blood information is written on their clothes.
The relationship between blood and health has long been known in general. Everyone knows that there are relatively few people with the first blood group. This is attributed to the fact that in the Middle Ages there was an epidemic of plague. According to the statistics of German scientists, the first positive blood has about thirty-eight percent of the world's population.
In our time, the most famous was the theory of one American scientist - a naturopath from America - Peter D "Adamo. He revealed a pattern necessary for a person food by blood group. In science, there are cases of an inherent relationship between blood type and the frequency of viral and infectious diseases. For example, and, acute respiratory infections and other diseases. , which this diet offers depending on the blood type, regardless of various inconsistencies, still causes great attention among physicians. Therefore, in some methods of treatment, the main ideas of this theory are already used.
