When did the first lipstick appear? How did they paint their lips in Ancient Egypt and did they paint them at all? What is lipstick made from? And why red?
Marilyn Monroe
In this article we will tell you about how and with what women have painted their lips for centuries in different countries of the world, as well as what lipstick is today.
Lipstick is a means for coloring the lips, the word “lipstick” comes from the Latin “pomum” - apple
The history of lipstick from Ancient Egypt to the 20th century
is still popular today - emphasis on the eyes, stunning long arrows. Indeed, what could be more beautiful than cat eyes. But not only black paint for eye makeup was known in Ancient Egypt.
Statue of Rahotep and Nofret
Ancient Egypt
The ancient Egyptians were real masters in the construction of pyramids, in medicine, and also in makeup. Lipstick was also a mandatory element of makeup for women in Ancient Egypt. If the eyes were painted based on the fact that the eyes are the mirror of the soul, and through the eyes evil spirits can penetrate the body and take possession of a person, then nothing is known about the religious purpose of lipstick in Ancient Egypt.
Bust of Nefertiti
Lipstick was applied to the lips to give them shine. Egyptians used a mixture of fat and red ocher as lipstick. Perhaps, in hot climates, such lipstick could also serve as protection for the lips.
Ocher is a pigment of natural origin, consisting of iron oxide hydrate with an admixture of clay (yellow ocher) or a mixture of anhydrous iron oxide and clay (red ocher).
Ocher
Ocher is one of the most ancient paints. And not only in makeup. Primitive people, when painting on the walls of caves, used ocher as a yellow-red paint. Ancient tribes painted their faces and also used ocher as a paint. Even today, some African tribes, when painting their faces before performing certain rituals or before hunting, also cannot do without ocher.
Caesar and Cleopatra
Women of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome also painted their lips. However, unlike the Egyptians, their makeup could not be very bright. It was believed that women housewives, mothers and wives, should be modest. In Ancient Greece, if anyone was allowed to wear bright makeup, it was women who accompanied men at feasts and theaters.
In Ancient Rome, bright makeup, deviating from generally accepted rules, could be afforded by women of noble origin and, of course, empresses.
Ocher was also used as a paint. Or, in Ancient Greece, vermilion pigment. This is powdered cinnabar.
Cinnabar is mercury sulfide, a harbinger of poisonous cosmetics of the 16th-18th centuries.
Cinnabar
Cinnabar is a Greek word, possibly of Persian origin, which means "dragon's blood".
Cameo depicting the Roman Empress Messalina with her children
In Ancient Rome, red lead, dye moss, and sanguine could also be used as red paint. Sanguine is sticks made of kaolin (white clay) and iron oxides, in other words, red chalk. Dye moss is a plant from the lichen class that can produce red, purple and blue dye.
By the way, in Ancient Rome, according to some sources, men could also paint their lips.
In the Middle Ages in Europe, the church fought against lipstick. All cosmetics were condemned by the church as “the paints of the devil.” In those days, it was believed that wearing makeup meant deceiving, and lying was one of the deadly sins. And not only did they not paint their faces at all in the Middle Ages (both lipstick and blush were prohibited), but in those days it was also possible to create a high forehead by plucking the hair above the forehead. From a modern point of view, a terrible sight.
Jan van Eyck
Portrait of Margaret Van Eyck, 1439
In the 16th century, during the Renaissance, women's lips again became bright scarlet. The fashion for makeup and, of course, lipstick in France is dictated by the queen, who comes from the influential Italian Florentine family, Catherine de Medici, and in England - Elizabeth I.
Portrait of Catherine de Medici
From the 16th century and later, in the 17th and 18th centuries, in Europe, bright scarlet lipstick and pink blush would serve to emphasize the snowy whiteness of skin covered with more than one layer of white.
Elizabeth I
The same applies to traditional Japanese geisha makeup. Red lipstick emphasizes the whiteness of the skin.
Japanese painting
Beauty with a Fan, 1927
In the 16th - 18th centuries, lipstick was still made from ocher, poisonous mercury sulfide - vermilion, cochineal.
Cochineal is a bright red dye that is obtained from insects of the hemiptera order called cochineal.
Cochineal
In the XVII-XVIII centuries. men and children also painted their lips with lipstick
By the way, in the 17th and 18th centuries in Europe, makeup was applied not only by women, but also by men. Like ladies, gentlemen used white and rouge, and also painted their lips. Children's lips were also painted. However, in those days there was no separate fashion or even clothing for children. Children wore the same things as adults, of course, only in a smaller size. Girls began to wear the same corsets at the age of 10-12 years. The only thing is that men's and children's lipstick differed in color from women's. It wasn't that bright.
Portrait of Madame de Pompadour
Favorite of the French King Louis XV
Artist Francois Boucher
The 19th century was once again a time of modesty. The French luxury of balls and palaces ended with the revolution. And fashion is increasingly being dictated by England, which has been more modest in its outfits and makeup since the 18th century. And the bourgeoisie, the new influential layer of society in the 19th century, people earning money, had a different attitude towards luxury. They believed that money should be treated sparingly and used in business, not for paint.
Photograph of Queen Victoria of England with her daughter, 1845
The English queen of the 19th century, Queen Victoria, considered makeup a manifestation of vulgarity. In the 19th century, the idea appeared that bright red lipstick, and makeup in general, was acceptable only for actresses and singers. But not for decent ladies. Young girls, in order to make their lips brighter, could only bite them.
Also, from the end of the 18th – beginning of the 19th centuries, many medical works appeared on the dangers of cosmetics, which during the 16th-18th centuries were made from mercury and lead.
Red lipstick
“Red is the color of life, the color of blood.
I love red."
Coco Chanel
Today you can buy lipstick in almost any color - from scarlet to pink, orange and even black. But over the centuries, the color of lipstick has always remained bright red.
Coco Chanel
Red, black and white are the three main colors in the history of the relationship between colors and humans. It was red, black and white that became the first colors that primitive people began to use as paints, both for painting on cave walls and for face painting. And the American Indians generally painted not only their faces, but also their bodies with ocher, for which they received their nickname from the Europeans - the Redskins.
Altamira Cave, Spain
Drawing of primitive people
The color red has versatile symbolism. On the one hand, it is the color of life. After all, the color of our “life juice,” that is, blood, is red. This is the color of the sun - red sun. Red was often synonymous with beauty -. The traditional color of wedding clothes for girls of many nations is also red. For example, in Rus' people got married in a red sundress. On the other hand, red is the color of danger and anxiety.
Sophia Loren
The physical properties of red are also interesting. Of all the colors in the spectrum that humans perceive, red has the longest wavelength. Thus, it causes a stronger subconscious reaction - the color red is always noticeable.
And red lips and cheeks are a sign of health and youth. As people say, blood comes with milk.
Red lipstick as a symbol of the fight for women's rights
At the beginning of the twentieth century, lipstick was still associated with actresses and singers, and even with women of easy virtue. And it was in the first quarter of the twentieth century that lipstick, as well as makeup in general, became constant attributes of feminists - women who in those years fought for equal rights with men.
Still from the 1965 film “The Great Race”
The main character of the film is a journalist and feminist
So, in 1912, all the participants came out to the march in New York for the right to vote with lips painted with bright scarlet lipstick.
Still from the 1965 film “The Great Race”
And in 1915, the first convenient lipstick appeared - lipstick in a round case with levers on the sides. Before this, throughout its history, lipstick was in the form of paint, which was applied with a brush. And already in the 1920s, fashionable girls with short haircuts leading an active lifestyle could not imagine their look without red lipstick.
1920s Short Haircut
Almost the entire twentieth century: in the 1930s, and in the 1950s, and in the 1960s, and in the 1970s, lipstick did not go out of fashion. It becomes an item that can be found in almost any woman’s purse. Even during the war years of the 1940s, lipstick was still produced and sold. And in the USA, with the participation of Elizabeth Arden, the founder of the Elizabeth Arden cosmetics brand, during the war years a red lipstick was developed to match the color of the uniform of the Women's Marine Corps Reserve Corps.
Marilyn Monroe
And only in the 1990s did lipstick give way to lip gloss for a while. However, lip gloss is nothing more than a derivative of lipstick. The first lip gloss appeared quite a long time ago - back in 1932. However, already at the beginning of the 21st century, the fashion for lipstick is returning again.
What is lipstick made from today?
Main ingredients of lipstick:
1.
Wax - it gives it shape
2.
Pigments - they give color
3.
Fragrances - they make the smell pleasant
4.
Vegetable oils are the basis of lipstick in the twentieth century.
5.
Silicone oils - make lipstick long-lasting, the basis of lipstick in the 21st century.
6.
Various additives - for example, vitamins, pearlescent additives, lanolin, which gives lips elasticity, etc.
And by the way, we eat everything listed above. In the literal sense of the word. Not only women, but also men eat lipstick when kissing.
According to French scientists, men eat up to 3 kg of lipstick in their lifetime, and women - up to 8 kg.
In the twentieth century, lipstick was most often made from vegetable oil, for example, castor, wax and, of course, pigments that gave it color. Over the years, such lipstick acquired a bitter smell as the vegetable oil deteriorated. If you have old lipsticks at home, from the 70s or 80s, take a sniff and you will smell the smell of vegetable oil spoiled by time.
Elizabeth Taylor
The first pigment used in the production of lipsticks was carmine or good old cochineal - a dye obtained from carminic acid produced by female cochineal insects. Today, pigments are most often of artificial origin.
Lipstick popular in the 1920s and 1930s
Fragrances are also added to lipstick - a mixture of synthetic and semi-synthetic compositions, in order to give the lipstick a pleasant smell.
In the 1990s, a revolution took place in the production of lipsticks. For a long time, they tried to make lipsticks long-lasting, and only at the end of the 20th century this was achieved. In the 1990s, lipsticks began to be made from wax, pigments and silicone oil. The first such lipstick was released by Revlon. The same company was the first to offer color combinations of lipstick and nail polish. However, this product also had its drawbacks - it was only a matte lipstick and it dried out the lips, since the silicone oil evaporated immediately after application.
In 2000, Max Factor attempted to create long-lasting lipstick. They created a double-sided lipstick. First, one coat of evaporating silicone oil was applied, then a second coat of gloss with silicone oil that did not evaporate. But you must admit, double-sided lipstick, which should be applied in the correct order, layer by layer, is something very difficult.
Silicone oils are liquid organosilicon polymers, that is, silicon analogues of organic compounds, where some carbon atoms are replaced by silicon atoms.
And finally, Japanese chemists have found a way to combine volatile and non-volatile silicone oils in one lipstick. Thus, the lipstick turned out to be long-lasting and did not dry out the lips. The Japanese received an emulsion of silicone oils. An emulsion is a mixture of immiscible liquids. In addition to pigment, wax, fragrance, and silicone oils, it became possible to add various additional substances to such lipstick. For example, vitamin E or good old vegetable oils that moisturize your lips.
The Roman physician and philosopher Claudius Galen was an ardent opponent of lip paint. And all because then poisonous pigments were added to it - red lead and cinnabar. Modern doctors have not yet included lipstick in the list of prohibited goods, but even today the choice of this cosmetic product can result in unpleasant consequences - from a ruined evening to allergies.
The prototype of modern lipstick began to be used in Mesopotamia approximately 5,000 years ago. Lip paint was also known in Ancient Egypt - it was made from red pigment, beeswax and animal fat. From Egypt, lipstick came to Ancient Greece, and then to Rome. In the 14th century, the Catholic Church banned cosmetics: the ideal of beauty was the Virgin Mary, immaculate and without makeup.
At the end of the 19th century, French perfumers introduced a pencil-shaped lipstick wrapped in silk paper. Later, lipstick appeared in a case with a piston mechanism - it allowed you to use the lipstick completely, and the case had replaceable blocks. Modern lipstick as we know it appeared in 1920, when Elena Rubinstein released it in a tube. In the thirties, Hazel Bishop created another revolutionary innovation - kiss-resistant lipstick.
Helena Rubinstein Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Secret ingredient
Today's selection of lipsticks would impress even a sophisticated fashionista from the beginning of the last century: matte, satin, glossy, long-lasting, volume-enhancing, visually whitening teeth. At the same time, modern lipsticks have long ceased to be exclusively decorative. Manufacturers of even the most affordable products give them hygienic properties - moisturizing or nourishing. What is included in modern lipstick? It is based on waxes, fats and oils.
Wax
Wax provides the strength and plasticity of lipstick and sets its shape. It allows the lipstick to glide on easily on the lips. Initially, manufacturers used natural beeswax, but, like honey, it is a strong allergen, so today high-quality lipstick is most often made from natural waxes of plant origin.
Vegetable oil
The main oil for the production of lipstick is castor. It provides color shine. In addition, the lipstick may contain lanolin, petroleum jelly, coconut, olive and mineral oils. And not so long ago, manufacturers began to use avocado oil - it softens the epidermis and supplies cells with valuable nutrients.
Fats and polymers
Fats give lipstick its hardness, and the film they create
left on the lips, protects delicate skin from chapping and moisture loss. To extend the life of lipstick, anti-oxidants and preservatives must be added to the fat base.
A thin film of polymers and silicate derivatives, which are also included in modern lipstick, also protects lips from loss of moisture. They also provide shine and durability to the lipstick.
Toulouse-Lautrec. Woman taking care of her face. 1889 Photo: Commons.wikimedia.org
Dyes
One of the most common dyes in the production of lipsticks is carmine. It is also used in the meat processing, dairy, confectionery, fish processing industries, and the production of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beverages.
Carmine is registered as a food additive E120. And they get it from dried red-brown insects - false scale insects, which live in Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Armenia and Azerbaijan.
A powder is obtained from dried and crushed insects, treated with a solution of ammonia or sodium carbonate, and then filtered. The complexity of the process makes carmine more expensive than other dyes. The color of carmine can vary from gray to purple-violet.
Supplements
Among the useful additives in lipstick, vitamins A, C and E are most often used. They have an anti-inflammatory effect, protect lips from the negative influence of external factors, contain sunscreen filters and help maintain youthful skin. The lipstick fragrance hides the smell of raw materials.
Color or benefit?
It's no secret that most women are guided by color when choosing lipstick. Despite the importance of shade, it is still better to choose lipstick based on its hygienic properties in order to provide comprehensive lip care. For example, the more wax and oils in the lipstick, the better it will soften and moisturize.
Accordingly, waxes and natural oils should be at the beginning of the list of ingredients - this means that there are proportionally more of them in the product. When studying information about the composition of lipstick, you should also pay attention to the expiration date. Depending on the manufacturer and the degree of naturalness, lipstick can be stored from six months to 5 years. Obviously expired lipstick can be distinguished even visually: it changes consistency and acquires an unpleasant odor.
How will we apply it?
To keep lipstick on your lips all day, apply it over a base, such as foundation. After the foundation is applied, lightly blot your lips with a napkin and outline. Now you can apply lipstick or gloss of the desired color on top. Do not purse your lips or rub your upper lip against your lower lip. This way you will ruin the drawing, and possibly smudge the outline. Just wait a few seconds until the lipstick or gloss absorbs a little. Now blot your lips with a napkin, lightly powder and apply a fresh layer of lipstick or gloss. This way the makeup will be stable and last all day. To make lips look full, apply the contour just above the natural contour of the lips. To get a rich color for a long time, you can paint over the entire surface of your lips with a contour and apply gloss on top. Any mistake can be corrected: take a straight brush and a thick corrector and draw a clear line with them where there are mistakes. Don't try to fix the situation with a cotton swab: the lipstick will simply rub into a stain. Pay more attention to the line of the lower lip and the corners of the mouth - this is where we evaluate the clarity of the application.Long lasting, satin, matte
Based on their decorative properties, lipsticks are divided into long-lasting, satin and matte.
Wax and water-repellent components allow the long-lasting lipstick to stay on the lips for a long time without losing its decorative qualities. The only thing this lipstick is afraid of is contact with fatty foods. Before applying long-lasting lipstick, you need to remove moisture and oil from your lips by blotting them with a napkin. Accordingly, such lipstick should be washed off with cosmetic milk or cream.
Matte lipstick contains a large amount of wax and powder. Thanks to the latter, it is devoid of shine, but its color can confidently be called deeper than shimmering ones.
Makeup experts advise choosing a matte lipstick for full, plump lips. It does not decorate women with thin lips.
Satin lipstick, which is distinguished by its radiant light and shine, will help to visually increase the volume of your lips. It applies easily and evenly to the lips, has a moisturizing effect, and makes the skin of the lips smoother.
Color palette
After assessing the hygienic and decorative properties of the lipstick, you can move on to choosing a color. When choosing lipstick colors, you should remember the features of your appearance.
So, large lips will be ennobled by lipstick in calm tones, such as bronze, purple or brown. And you can visually enlarge narrow lips with the help of light lipsticks.
When choosing a shade, you should not rely only on the first impression of the color - lipstick, as a rule, looks different on the lips. To imagine exactly how it will look, you should apply it from a sampler onto your fingertips.
Many people test lipstick on their wrist, but the color turns out different, because the skin on the wrist is lighter than on the lips. And on the fingertips, the skin most closely matches the color and texture of the skin of the lips.
Selection rules
A dark lip liner visually reduces their volume. To make your lips look fuller, you need a white or flesh-pearl colored pencil. To increase the volume of your lips, after applying lipstick, you need to add a drop of gloss or light lipstick with pearl to the center of your lower lip. Having decided to focus on the lips, you need to leave your eyes as natural as possible: mascara, thin eyeliner, and light neutral shadows go well with scarlet, wine, dark brown, cherry or coral lipstick. Against the background of bright orange lipstick, your teeth will appear yellowish, so be careful with this color. The older the woman, the more delicate and creamy textures of lipsticks suit her. Ultra-fashionable matte lipsticks, mother-of-pearl, flashy neon shades look vulgar and age an older woman, while delicate, girlish lip makeup will add freshness. The most affordable types of lip makeup are delicate creamy pink lipsticks and lip balms.Skin and hair color plays a big role when choosing a lipstick shade. For fair-haired people, lipsticks in berry and mauve colors, as well as cappuccino shades, are suitable. Owners of golden hair can safely choose delicate peach and coral tones.
Red-haired people should use cinnamon-colored lipstick, and also choose terracotta shades, which, by the way, are also suitable for dark-skinned ladies with blond hair.
Lipstick - forever!
Since the global financial crisis of 1929, the economy has experienced the so-called “lipstick effect” - an increase in the profits of cosmetic companies against the backdrop of a general decline. Thus, industrial production in the United States in 1929–1933 halved, and the profits of cosmetic companies, on the contrary, increased. The fact is that in difficult times, consumers stop spending money on large and expensive things: cars, housing, household appliances, furniture. But cosmetics always remain in the budget - as an easy expense item.Resident doctor of the second year of study at the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry of the State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Professional Education "Kazan State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation
Doctor of Medicine, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Therapeutic Dentistry, Kazan State Medical University, Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation
The red border of the lips is a unique anatomical formation, which is a kind of “transition zone” from the skin of the perioral region to the mucous membrane of the lips and the vestibule of the oral cavity. Therefore, this area is influenced by both the oral cavity and the environment.
Meteorological conditions, environmental conditions, bad habits (smoking tobacco and hookah, licking and biting lips, drinking alcohol) reduce the resistance of the red border epithelium; on the other hand, sharp edges of teeth and orthopedic/orthodontic structures, mineralized dental deposits injure the mucosal area of the lips. In addition, the absence of sweat and sebaceous glands can be considered an anatomical feature of the red border of the lips, which also makes this area extremely vulnerable.
The need for hygienic care for the red border of the lips today is beyond doubt. However, when choosing products and methods of hygienic oral care, practically no attention is paid to lip care.
However, many toothpastes containing menthol have an irritating effect on the red border of the lips, causing a feeling of discomfort, and in some cases, burning and pain. Uncontrolled use of toothpastes for chronic diseases of the lips (cheilitis), accompanied by vague clinical symptoms, can provoke an exacerbation of the inflammatory process.
One of the obligatory items in the “cosmetic” arsenal of our contemporaries is lipstick (hygienic or decorative)... with a centuries-old history.
It is known that lipstick (it was not called lipstick then) appeared about 5 thousand years ago. There is an opinion that the birthplace of such a common remedy is Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
The first “lipsticks” contained a wide variety of ingredients: for example, some consisted of tiny particles of semi-precious stones, contained lead oxide (lead oxide, which has a bright red-orange color), red ocher (iron oxide hydrate), cinnabar (mercury sulfide the color of blood, so-called dragon's blood), natural iron oxide (a substance with a bright red color).
All these chemical compounds gave lipsticks a stable, bright color, but they had quite pronounced toxic properties. Nefertiti preferred lipstick made from mother-of-pearl shells of sea mollusks, which consists of calcium carbonate (aragonite) and the organic substance conchiolin, capable of refracting light rays.
Cleopatra used cosmetics made from red beetles and ant eggs (the extract from them is rich in the pigment muscaruphine, which has a rich orange-red color), and fish scales were added for shine. Note that the latter is rich in pigments, which also gave color to lipstick: guanine - silver, erythrin - red, xanthine - yellow.
As the component composition of ancient Egyptian lipsticks shows, they did not have hygienic properties, but, on the contrary, led to poisoning, and after prolonged use, the lips became purple. Women of Ancient Egypt were not afraid to apply a mixture based on bromine and iodine on their lips; this gave their lips a bright red color and an original appearance. This remedy was called the “kiss of death.”
Cleopatra used cosmetics made from red beetles and ant eggs (the extract from them is rich in the pigment muscaruphine, which has a rich orange-red color), and fish scales were added for shine.
From Egypt, miraculous (as women believed) lipstick came to Ancient Greece, and then to Rome. One of the main opponents of using lipstick was Claudius Galen, who warned women against using dangerous cosmetics. The Christian Church also had a negative attitude towards any changes in appearance. In the 14th century, the Catholic Church banned cosmetics: a papal bull declared that women wearing makeup distorted the image of the Virgin Mary. During this period, the Inquisition had the right to arrest women who painted their lips for sacrilege.
The first lipsticks contained a small amount of ingredients, mostly coloring agents. The Egyptians proposed the use of natural plant waxes from palm trees (Carnauba and Candelilla) as a base for lipstick. Waxes are able to maintain the water-lipid mantle of the skin of the perioral area and the red border of the lips in optimal condition. Later, jojoba oil, rich in amino acids that have anti-inflammatory properties, began to be included in lipstick.
Modern lipstick is not only a cosmetic product, but also a lip care product. Lipsticks now include various moisturizing, nutritional, vitamin, protective, fatty and coloring additives. Carmine is widely used as a dye (the substance is obtained from dried pseudoscale insects of the Coccidae family). Waxes included in modern lipsticks provide the necessary consistency.
Also, some cosmetic companies use spermaceti to produce lipsticks - a substance that is obtained by freezing liquid animal fat (spermaceti oil) enclosed in the fibrous sperm sac in the head of a sperm whale. Spermaceti stimulates the regeneration of the epithelium of the red border of the lips. However, recently, due to the cessation of sperm whale hunting, the artificially synthesized main component of spermaceti, cetyl palmitate, has been used.
Lipsticks also contain exotic types of waxes. In order for the lipstick to maintain its shine and not melt, the previously mentioned carnauba and candelilla waxes are added to its composition. Carnauba wax binds liquid fat mass and increases the melting point of lipstick. Carnauba wax stabilizes the formulation well and is non-comedogenic.
Thanks to it, the lipstick does not smudge or spread on the lips even at high temperatures. Candelilla wax regulates the consistency of lipstick, adds shine and maintains its color for several hours. Candelilla wax is more heat resistant than beeswax.
It forms a thin film on the lips that protects against dehydration. In addition, candelilla wax has a slight antibacterial effect. Rose wax has a pleasant floral aroma, moisturizes and softens the skin of the lips.
Previously, lanolin and mink fat were used as a fat base. However, lanolin has an unpleasant odor and taste, which is why the modern cosmetic industry uses its modified components (acetylated, toxified lanolin oils and lanolin isopropyl ether). Mink fat is very close in composition to human tissue.
It is rich in palmitoleic acid triglycerides, which stimulate skin lipid metabolism. Mink oil moisturizes the skin, protects it from transepithelial moisture loss, and stimulates the healing of small excoriations. In the production of lipstick, hydrocarbons such as ceresin, liquid and solid paraffin are used. They are non-chemically active and stable during long-term storage.
In order to ensure the anti-inflammatory properties of lipstick, special additives (azulene) are used. Azulene is a substance found in chamomile flowers. It has an anti-inflammatory effect and is a mild antiseptic. Azulene makes the skin of the lips softer, more elastic, and eliminates dryness and flaking.
Lipsticks also contain various perfumes and ultraviolet filters, which are most often included in hygienic lipsticks. These lipsticks should be used during high solar activity.
The domestic and foreign markets for cosmetics offer a wide variety of lipstick compositions. Lipstick should be chosen depending not only on the need, but also on the condition of the red border of the lips. It is necessary to clarify the component composition and possible allergenic effect on the condition of the red border of the lips.
Literature
- Bratoicheva M. S. Study of hygiene habits of patients with oral cancer in Bulgaria// Dentistry: scientific and practical peer-reviewed journal. - Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Dental Association of Russia. - M.: Media Sphere, 2008. - T. 87. - No. 6. - P. 21-23.
- Vorobyov Yu. I. Attention: oncology. Cancer of the red border of the lower lip/ Vorobyov Yu. I., Garbuzov M. I. // Dentistry for everyone. - 2000, No. 2. - P. 42-44.
- Karapetyan I. S. Tumors and tumor-like lesions of the oral cavity, jaws, face and neck./ I. S. Karapetyan, E. Ya. Gubaidullina, L. N. Tsegelnik. - M., 2004.
- Nedoseko V. B. Algorithm for examining patients with diseases of the oral mucosa and lips/ V. B. Nedoseko, I. V. Anisimova // Institute of Dentistry: scientific and practical journal. - 2003, No. 2. - P. 32-34.
- http://sav-5002.narod.ru/lechebnik/L5.htm
(No ratings yet)
Red lipstick first appeared in France, around the beginning of the 20th century. At the same time, deer fat was used for production, that is, the lipstick was an environmentally friendly product, and therefore did not cause allergies. But, despite such a positive indicator, the lipstick still had some disadvantages. So, the first negative point is that in some countries, the color red is considered too erotic and provocative, because of it one could end up at the stake. On the other hand, the color of lipstick has become a certain challenge, an action of protest. Because in some countries, for example in Italy, red lipstick indicated belonging to high society. If we take Egypt, then there, even during burial, a sufficient amount of paint was placed in the tomb of women. It was believed that a woman would be able to preserve her youth and beauty in this way.
It’s impossible not to notice that fashion is constantly changing, but not bright, juicy lips. Red lipstick is considered a classic, just like a black dress, a formal suit and high heels. In addition, studies were conducted that showed that red lipstick attracts the attention of more than 60% of people. In addition, the most beautiful women have used and continue to use bright lipsticks. At the same time, all the ladies of that time with scarlet lips had light skin. Such combinations are not only unusual, but also fascinating. And, if earlier, many girls could only dream of such a combination, today the art of makeup allows you to work wonders.
Another interesting point in history can be noted that in order to get more scarlet lips, girls had to constantly bite and rub them. Modern girls are lucky to avoid this, because all they have to do is go to the store to choose the right shade. But here, too, you shouldn’t be careless in your choice, because you need to take into account your complexion. For example, if a girl has fair skin with a pink tint, then she should give preference to cool shades. For girls with peach skin, a carrot or coral palette is suitable. For those with dark skin, it is best to give preference to burgundy or dark red colors. If you decide to change or improve your image, then there are all the possibilities for this, just use the required shade of foundation and powder.
When choosing juicy scarlet shades, keep in mind that not only your lips should be expressive. Facial features must be flawless, for this you need to try hard to apply makeup. Use special cosmetics that will help make your skin texture ideal, but make sure that the layer of makeup is not too thick. Also keep in mind that when highlighting your lips, you shouldn’t highlight your eyes; just a little tint is enough. That is, when choosing rich lipsticks, you need to leave all other details natural, this also applies to applying blush.
So, if you did everything correctly, then let's learn how to apply lipstick. Of course, it may seem that all you need to do is swipe lipstick across your lips and that’s it. In fact, everything is not so simple, because you probably want to make your image unique. The secret to flawlessly applying lipstick is that you first need to apply a moisturizing balm, this will allow you to get the perfect texture. Now let's start applying the lipstick itself, but be sure to use a soft brush. If your lips are thin, then you will need to use a contour pencil, which should match the tone of the lipstick. So, every girl can carry out such simple manipulations, and, accordingly, get an excellent look.
When applying the contour, keep in mind that it is applied only after applying lipstick. To add naturalness, run your fingertips along the contour. After that, apply gloss and get voluminous, juicy lips. When applying gloss, try to be as careful as possible, as you can ruin the entire tone.
In this simple way you will get the perfect look, which, of course, will ideally be completed by your hairstyle and wardrobe. If you are not sure that you can think through your own image, then contact stylists and makeup artists, they will help you learn to feel perfect.
Today it is the most common cosmetic product. Lipstick - millions of women use it every day! But this was not always the case. After all, when in 1883, created by resourceful French perfumers, it was released at the World Exhibition in Amsterdam, hardly anyone seriously thought what a dizzying career was destined for it, the red miracle. Moreover, respectable women at the beginning of the century were frightened by the very thought of some frivolous lip cosmetics.
The history of lipstick, this irreplaceable and perhaps the most common cosmetic product, began a very long time ago: almost five thousand years ago, in ancient Babylon, women achieved bright lip color using a special mixture of semi-precious stones crushed to the smallest particles. And the ancient Egyptians valued bright lips so much that they used bromine and iodine-based products that were dangerous to health - the Egyptian invention was later called the “kiss of death.” Queen Cleopatra was a big fan of lipstick - her cosmetics were made from red beetles, crushed in a mortar and mixed with ant eggs. And to give shine to ancient lipstick, the Egyptians used fish scales.
The popularity of lip paint brought to us the myth of the bone of discord, in which Paris decided a dispute about beauty between Hera, Athena and Aphrodite in favor of the latter. Before she could rejoice, the goddess was caught cheating by using powder and lipstick. And the ancient Russian red girls enhanced the freshness and brightness of sugar lips with the help of crushed brick, beets, strawberries, and raspberries.
The Arab-Andalusian physician Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi, considered the founder of modern surgery, invented the world's first solid lipstick during the Islamic Golden Era. Al-Zahrawi's invention consisted of strips of aromatic coloring mixture in special molds. In 1932, cosmetics brand Max Factor first introduced a liquid lip gloss designed to complement the color of lipstick. And today's popular lipstick with a liquid formula, which does not include wax, was invented in the nineties by Lip-Ink International.
In the 16th century, lipstick was made from much less extreme means - during the reign of Elizabeth I in England, who introduced the fashion for white skin combined with blood-red lips, lipstick was made from beeswax and plant extracts, which gave the product a bright color. The popularity of lipstick in the United Kingdom, however, did not last long - already in 1653, the English pastor Thomas Hall founded an entire movement, declaring that “painting” the face was “the work of the devil.” In medieval Europe, a woman with painted lips was considered a frivolous person who, on the Day of Judgment, would not be recognized by Christ and would be sent to hell.
And in 1770, the English Parliament passed an entire law against cosmetics, which stated that a woman who seduced a man through cosmetics should be considered a witch. In 1800, even Queen Victoria openly declared her opposition to lipstick, claiming that wearing any kind of makeup was “vulgar.”
But, meanwhile, it is to the church that we owe the appearance of lipstick in its current form. More precisely, not the entire church, but Cardinal de Richelieu, who had a weakness for apple flavor.
He loved it so much that he kept apples in the table, and one day he ordered his doctor to prepare a fragrant ointment, which he called lipstick (from the French pomme - apple). His Eminence was very pleased: he began to lubricate the tip of his nose or upper lip with the new product, enjoying his favorite smell. Of course, the lipstick was colorless, but adding a coloring agent to a suitable oily base is a mere trifle.
Actually, that's what happened. Moreover, both women and men used colored lipstick: at the court of Louis XVI this was a common occurrence: the courtiers emphasized the contours of the mouth so that they would not be lost in the beard and mustache.
Moreover, cosmetics were used so intensively at that time that in the 17th century the English parliament passed a law giving a man the right to divorce his wife if after the wedding he discovered that in reality she was not as beautiful as she was during the matchmaking period.
In France in the second half of the 18th century, when lipstick was still made only from natural products, it was intended exclusively for men. At the court of Louis XVI, the most flirtatious and loving of them smeared it on their mouths so that it would be noticeable and would not blend in with their beard and mustache.
Only at the very beginning of our century did women gain access to lipstick. However, not everyone, but only persons of easy virtue. For those beauties who were distinguished by their integrity and decency, such preening was strictly forbidden.
The second birth of lipstick took place, according to experts, during the World Exhibition in Amsterdam, held in 1803. This was preceded by a funny story. Slave traders involved in the transportation of “living goods” took notice of the bright red grease on some women and brought it to Europe, causing a stir. Only after a very long time did it become clear that that lipstick on African women was a signal: it meant that the woman was in the stage of “critical days” and sexual contact with her was undesirable. But the cosmetic novelty, based on deer fat, was appreciated by many women, including the famous actress Sarah Bernhardt. It took over 30 years for lipstick to take on its current form.
Lipstick finally found its way into women's cosmetics bags only at the beginning of the 20th century. On the eve of World War II, lipstick became perhaps the most sought-after cosmetic product thanks to Hollywood divas, including silent film stars Gloria Swanson, Asta Nielsen and Lana Turner. In 1920, Elena Rubinstein released the first tube of lipstick, called Valaz Lip-Listre; lipstick from Rubinstein became an almost revolutionary phenomenon - if previously only women with high incomes could afford this cosmetic product, then Valaz Lip-Listre became an extremely affordable product, the cost of which did not exceed a few dollars. In the thirties, Hazel Bishop, the founder of the cosmetics brand of the same name, created another revolutionary new product - kiss-proof lipstick, and Elizabeth Arden founded her Beauty Institute in Germany, giving ordinary women access to modern cosmetics.
Applying lipstick has become a true art, with its own styles. "Rosebud lips" is a lip shape created by the "father" of Hollywood makeup, Max Factor, and popular in the 20s. The "Bee stung lips" shape quickly became fashionable among Hollywood actresses - it allowed the lipstick not to be absorbed into the foundation (it was also called "Vampire lips"). "Cupid"s bow lips "("Cupid's Arc") - lips with clearly defined corners. A little later, Helena Rubinstein created the lipstick "Cupid's bow", supposedly giving the lips the desired shape. "The style" was fashionable until Joan Crawford demanded that she make herself bigger. lips. The desired effect was achieved with one simple stroke of color, which the public recognized as “Hunter's bow lips”.
Women have realized that lipstick can help them make an impression. In the 1930s, advertisements for Elizabeth Arden products appeared, saying that painted lips were a “plus” when getting a job.
After the war and all its hardships in 1947, Paris was experiencing a real cosmetic boom. "Rougebeze" appears in store windows - a lipstick that, as the advertisement says, "allows you to kiss." This is a mini-revolution in women's behavior. From now on, most of them constantly carry a small, treasured tube in their purses. The choice of colors is now wide, and it is absolutely not necessary to look provocative when painting your lips. It has become natural to put on lipstick to go out to work in the garden or go grocery shopping.
After World War II, in 1949, the first machines were designed in the United States to produce lipstick in its today's form - in a metal or plastic tube. Automation of the lipstick production process quickly affected its price, instantly turning lipstick into an extremely popular cosmetic product among women all over the world.
The staying power of lipstick was of great importance in cinema. Max's son, Mr. Factor Jr., hired volunteers for his tests, but they soon got tired of kissing and had to create a rubber model - the "Kissing machine". Famous actresses, including Bette Davis and Elizabeth Taylor, helped the lipstick gain market share by posing for promotional photographs.
Our mothers are not very lucky with the choice of lipsticks. In the 60s, the domestic industry produced several shades of lipsticks with a specific number. In one of the magazines of that time we read: “a carrot shade is given by lipstick with the number 1, coral - 2, red - 3, cherry - 4, raspberry red 5, etc. Brunettes, especially with dark skin, should use darker lipstick, numbers 4 and 5, brown-haired women - 2 and 3, and blondes - lipstick in bright shades of carrot and coral."
In our country, with a limited choice, you could come across some rather strange things - for example, lipstick that appeared. The first imported lipstick was German, two or three eye-catching tones, but beautiful, and everyone rushed to paint their lips. Previously, there was a fashion for one shade, but now there are many different ones. They say that the shape of the “smeared” lipstick that a woman uses most often can even determine her character. Scientists believe that lipstick has protective functions and prevents lip cancer. But the purpose of this “important little thing” is best described in the famous Yardley advertisement of the 60s, which depicts tubes of lipstick in a cartridge belt: “lipstick is a “woman’s weapon.”
Nowadays, this is an integral attribute of women's “war paint”. It is believed that a representative of the fair half of humanity who uses lipstick eats about 35 kg of it in her life, and the strong one gets 3-4 kg. Of course, this happens as a result of kissing (by the way, the world record listed in the Guinness Book of 8001 kisses in 8 hours).
Doctors, wondering whether such cosmetics are dangerous to health, found out that lipstick poisoning is possible if you eat three tubes in a row on an empty stomach.
The first legislative act regulating the composition of decorative products was adopted in the United States, then the EU countries joined in. In Russia they adhere to European standards. The latest generation lipsticks are made from natural fats and are absolutely harmless.
Lipstick is now even useful: it protects the delicate skin of the lips from environmental aggression, and, depending on the texture, can nourish or moisturize. You should focus on both a satisfying appearance and a comfortable feeling - the chosen lipstick should not leave your lips feeling dry.
Today, so-called liposomes or microcapsules are widely used, which are added to lipstick to moisturize the delicate skin of the lips.
Protection against exposure to light and ultraviolet rays effectively protects against free radicals. As a result, wrinkles form. But when using modern lip creams and powders, “radicals” have absolutely no chance, because the antioxidants included in their composition take care of this: vitamins E and A, as well as valuable varieties of wax and oils.
And other experts began to notice what her “Lipstick” says about a woman’s character.
supporters of “lipstick psychodiagnostics” believe that if a woman, when painting her lips, does not change the original form of sharpening of her shaft, this means adherence to established rules, consistency, shyness, restraint.
If the lipstick grinds off “by itself” at an acute angle, then its owner is an opponent of restrictions, is open to communication, picky in choosing friends, is an ardent person who will not mince words and is quite self-confident.
The uniform rounding of the lipstick with the remaining sharp tip indicates that the most important thing for a lady is home and family; loneliness brings her great suffering. On the other hand, she can be domineering and stubborn.
The flat top of the lipstick as a business card speaks of the scrupulousness and reliability of a woman who does not hesitate to make decisions, and is very worried in the absence of their approval. The high morality of such a person is complemented by caution and increased attention to one’s own appearance and health.
Not often, but there is a concave top of the lipstick. Her owner is brave, enterprising and meticulous. Representatives of bohemia and the occult wear lipstick sharpened on both sides, like a screwdriver. They are cheerful, inquisitive, need attention and love to be in the center of events.
The choice of lipstick color, according to the mentioned experts, also “speaks”: red is supposedly chosen by life-loving women, pink by romantic women, orange-red by extravagant women, and pearl shades by career women.
