Completed

Students of group 115

Faculty of Primary Education

Part-time study

Types of art. Classifications. Interrelation in the synthesis of arts. Types and genres of fine art.

Painting, sculpture, graphics as types of fine art. Types of painting, graphics, sculpture. Expressive means in painting, graphics, sculpture.

The game cannot be paused and takes 8 hours to complete. The bus does not contain a passenger; no traffic; the road is always straight; the decor is sometimes accented with signs, cacti or rocks. The bus, which constantly moves to the right, requires the player's constant attention to adjust its trajectory on the road. If he leaves, he is blocked and escorted back to Tucson, also in real time. If the driver reaches Las Vegas, he scores 1 point. The player then has a few seconds to decide if he wants to make the return trip to Tucson to win 1 more point, or if he wants to stop there.

The art of the objective world. Its types. Decorative and applied arts. Expressive means of decorative and applied art. Folk arts and crafts of Russia. Museum of Folk Art in Raubichi. Museum of Folk Architecture and Life (Strochitsy village). Center for Folk Crafts (Dudutki) and other museums of decorative and applied arts.

Just a notorious incident: after 4-5 hours of driving, an insect falls on the windshield. Night finally fell and the headlights were then conducted in "total" darkness. The maximum allowed game is 99 points. The desert bus, creating itself, boasts entertainment rather than works of art, of which it occupies none of the schemes. However, even if the relationship of art-video games was less visible today than today, and if his playfulness seems to dominate, this does not prevent him from being critical of it, the deliberately chess approach the latter allows and encourages us.

Architecture as a form of art. Expressive means of architecture, Its types and styles. The relationship between architecture, monumental sculpture and painting. Architecture native land(Minsk, Vitebsk, Grodno, Nesvizh, Mir) and other countries.

Perception of works of art. Analysis of works of fine art. The importance of art in human life. Largest art museums.

"Work, space, author, viewer" in its connections with questions about "drawing" and "materiality"

The game plays with our will of effective time and with our desire, our expectations in relation to the image, the creation. The process corresponding to the creation associated with the concept of a project, with artistic “design”, secondly, this approach. The variety of examples presented allows us to resolve the issue of the materiality and availability of work.

A resource related to works related to "drawing machines", which makes one wonder about the status of the artist, the author, the know-how and the work. Cycle 2: representation of the world and the use of drawing in all its diversity. Cycle 3: Plastic devices of representation and presentation in the autonomy of graphic gestures and its influence on representation, the uniqueness of the work, its relationship with the concepts of original, copy, multiplicity and series, Cycle 4: the materiality of the work; object and work in the digital, as an artistic process and material, dialogues between traditional and digital practice.

A brief overview of the history of teaching methods in fine arts. Learning to draw in antiquity (Egypt, Greece, Rome) and in the Middle Ages. The contribution of Renaissance artists to the teaching of fine arts. Learning to draw in the 17th-20th centuries. in Western Europe (L. Carracci and his brothers, Rubens, Diderot, Goethe, L. David, A. Yvon, Julien, Ramsauer, Dupuis, A. Ashbe) and in the modern foreign school.

In high school: in second grade, a draftsman and “drawing machines.” Thanks to the variety of tools and techniques associated with drawing, we will consider here the question of writing, gesturality, and the participation or distancing of the organ in the production. On the virtual map, this sign appears as if it were a real object. Moreover, in satellite mode it appears to be part of the city's architecture. Thus, what is simply "virtual" road sign”, acquires by placing a potential “physical” existence on the map.

Learning to draw in educational institutions Russia in the 18th-19th centuries

Improving methods of teaching drawing in Soviet schools (N.N. Rostovtsev, V.S. Kuzin, T.Ya. Shpikalova, B.P. Yusov, B.M. Nemensky, etc.). Advanced pedagogical experience of artist-teachers and its role in the artistic education of children (I.P. Volkov, S.P. Katkov, V.I. Versotsky, V.F. Sumarev, V.N. Danilov, R. May, etc. ).

Thus, Bartholl makes the real geographical territory of everyday life and the virtual map, strict information. Cycle 2: Representation of the world, studying its visual environment to become aware of the presence of drawing and the variety of ways of representation. Cycle 3: Representative and presentation devices for plastics in cladding and space. Cycle 4: presentation; images, reality and fiction and creation, materiality, status, meaning of images. In high school: The map allows us to resolve the issue of the materiality of the work: the physical and symbolic aspects, but also its double presence, which defines the space of the sensitive and presentational, associated with specific physical environments.

The concept of art education and upbringing (B.M. Nemensky, V.S. Kuzin, I.F. Seleznev, L.E. Romanenko, etc.). Modern technologies of art education (I.P. Volkov, T.Ya. Shpikalova, V.N. Danilov, etc.).

Didactic principles and methods of teaching fine arts.

Artistic education of schoolchildren. Goal, objectives, requirements for teaching fine arts in primary school.

An approach to production and presentation processes and codes can complement these resources. Professor Cyclops - digital comics and fiction. Free app can be downloaded for offline reading on computers and tablets. Cycle 2 Cycle 3: Plastic devices of presentation and representation in visual storytelling and visualization and space. Cycle 4: presentation; images, realities and fictions in visual storytelling and concepts, production and distribution of plastic work in the era digital technologies and the influence of digital on plastic practices in three dimensions. and representations underpin the above-mentioned artistic premises, questioning the processes and codes of representation and the connection to fiction through the construction of narrative space-time.

Comparative analysis of programs in fine arts (authors V.S. Kuzin, B.M. Nemensky, B.P. Yusov, etc.), structure and main sections of the program. Types of activities, content of programs, themes.

Analysis of the fine arts program for secondary schools. Structure and content of the program in grades 1 - 4.

"Work, Space, Author, Spectator" in its connections with questions about "Figuration" and "Representation"

The interactivity, the work required to unfold and the development of these pictorial stories from which he repeats the readings allow one to approach the space of the rational and presentational. Hypergeography by Joe Hamilton Joe Hamilton, an Australian artist, seizes the tools at his disposal and creates his own representations using standard and standardized software and virtual spaces. Hypergeography, designed for the screen and for the Internet, is an image device that immerses us in a digital and mental landscape designed to be repeated ad infinitum.

Principles of lesson planning. Calendar, thematic, illustrative planning for fine arts in grades 1-4.

Planning fine arts lessons in 1st grade.

Planning art lessons for 2nd grade.

Planning art lessons for 3rd grade.

Planning art lessons for 4th grade.

Later, the artist imagined that Jean Bothe was a monumental landscape book, whose pages unfold 4 meters in length, like a map of a new unexplored World. The Regular Division presents elaborate scenes from many gardens in Europe and Asia, presenting an artificial paradise of foliage under honeycomb glass. The video also includes high-resolution images of brush strokes taken from traditional landscape paintings to connect traditional painting with landscape. What impact does digital technology have on landscape representation and what impact does it have on our relationship with landscape?

Basic requirements for a modern fine arts lesson (didactic, organizational, aesthetic, etc.).

Methodological development of a fine arts lesson. Lesson structure, lesson plan and methods of its implementation. Analysis of a visual arts lesson.

Didactic games and exercises in fine arts lessons in primary school. Classification, content, methodology.

In Cycle 2: Narrative and testimony through images by transforming or restructuring images. In Cycle 3: Plastic devices of presentation and representation in the discovery, awareness and appropriation of expressive value of the gap in representation. In cycle 4: presentation; images, reality and fiction in relation to reality.

In high school: in first grade: figuration and construction in the corner of the question about the spaces that define the image and determine the image and space of the statement. This artistic reference can be linked to a legacy dedicated to the representation of landscape, such as Nicolas Poussin, who makes nature the main subject rather than man.

Diagnosis of individual psychological characteristics of students. Methodology for conducting art tests and control tasks.

Development creativity students in grades 1-4. Differentiation and individualization of teaching in the visual arts.

Equipment for fine arts classes. Artistic techniques and materials used in fine arts lessons in primary school.

The golden calf has a shiny surface that reflects the environment in which it is found. By manipulating the monitor around this invisible sculpture, the viewer performs what may be a choreographed, ceremonial dance around an “almost tangible fantasy.” The sculpture is no longer a corporeal object, but "an inessential subject of the process of revelation." This interactive work, which questions what is or is essential to us, affirms that making, even decoy, constitutes every work, despite our desire to find satisfaction, meaning and reality.

Psychological and age characteristics children's drawing. Analysis and criteria for evaluating children's, educational and creative works.

Pedagogical drawing in fine arts lessons in grades 1–4. "Teacher's Album". Pedagogical drawing technologies. Methods of pedagogical drawing.

Demonstrations performed by the teacher during fine arts lessons (modeling, appliqué, collage, embroidery, origami, painting). Display technique.

It takes its source from the book of Exodus in the biblical narrative. The Jewish people fleeing Egypt for the Promised Land, and as Moses ascends Mount Sinai to receive the Tablets of the Law, ask Aaron to show him a god who can guide him. Aaron then ordered the gold from the earrings of women and children to be melted down to realize the god in the image of the Apis bull, which was worshiped in Egypt. Moses, a descendant of Mount Sinai, sees that the Jews indulge in idolatry, but are forbidden by the First Commandment. He breaks the Tables of the Law and orders his followers to kill the heretics.

Teacher-artists about the theory and practice of artistic education of schoolchildren. Analysis of literature on fine arts. Magazines “Pachatkova School”, “Mastatskaya Education and Culture”, “Art at School”, “Young Artist”. Analysis of textbooks and methodological manuals in fine arts for primary school.

Terms and concepts in fine arts. Methods of teaching students in grades 1-4 the system of terms and concepts in fine arts in the classroom and in extracurricular activities.

Cycle 2: Know the various artistic forms of representing the world, contemporary works and past ones, Western and Western additions. Cycle 3: Presentation of plastics and presentation devices, placement and space. Cycle 4: presentation; images, reality and fiction in the materiality, condition and meaning of images. In the Lyceum: the golden calf allows, in particular, to resolve questions of figuration and representation in interrogating the processes and codes of representation, the relationship to fiction and symbolism, to abstraction, to the construction of the image. Experimentation during this work, necessary to approximate it, until it suggests narrative, allows you to experiment with the space of reason, the presence of work and its presentation.

1. Types of art. Classification. Interrelation in the synthesis of art. Types and genres of fine arts

Types of art are historically established forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize the content of life and differ in the methods of its material embodiment.

In modern art history literature, a certain scheme and system of classification of arts has developed, although there is still no single one and they are all relative. The most common scheme is to divide it into three groups.

The first includes spatial or plastic arts: Fine arts, Decorative and applied arts, Architecture, Photography.

The second group includes temporary or dynamic types of arts: Music, Literature.

The third group is represented by spatio-temporal types: Choreography, Literature, Theatrical art, Cinematography.

Architecture- a monumental art form whose purpose is to create structures and buildings. The shapes of architectural structures depend on geographical and climatic conditions.

fine arts-group of species artistic creativity. Fine arts include: painting, graphics, sculpture.

Graphics- this is, first of all, drawing and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography).

Painting- planar fine art, the specificity of which lies in the representation, using paints applied to the surface, of an image of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist.

Sculpture- spatial - fine art, exploring the world in plastic images.

Arts and crafts- a type of creative activity to create household items intended to satisfy the utilitarian and artistic and aesthetic needs of people.

Literature- a type of art in which the material carrier of imagery is the word.

Music- a type of art in which the means of embodying artistic images are organized musical sounds in a certain way.

Choreography- a type of art, the material of which is the movements and poses of the human body, poetically meaningful, organized in time and space, constituting an artistic system.

Theater- a type of art that artistically masters the world through dramatic action carried out by a creative team.

Photo- art that reproduces on a plane, through lines and shadows, in the most perfect way and without the possibility of error, the contour and shape of the object it conveys.

Movie- the art of reproducing moving images captured on film on a screen.

Since each art is unique and has a special value, in the problem of classifying arts, the criterion for determining the type cannot be only expressive means or only features of the content.

Not a single type of art, taken separately, is capable of solving the entirety of the problems of aesthetic education and all-round development of a person, although each of them participates in solving these problems, having its own ultimate goal.

Some people are closer to cinema, others - literature, others - painting or music, etc. People's abilities, inclinations, and sympathies are individual, therefore, completely different. The art that is closer to a person, he understands better. Not everyone is close and understandable to all arts.

The relationship between various types of art is a very useful phenomenon, but it has its limits, its facets are historically mobile and changeable. But these limits exist, and the specificity of art does not disappear at all. The existence of various types of art is due to the fact that none of them, by their own means, can provide a comprehensive artistic picture of the world.

Literature:

1. Boreev Yu.B. Aesthetics. M., 1988.

2. Vanslov V.V., What is art. M., 1988.

3. Zis A.Ya. Types of art. M., 1979.

4. Titov S.N. Art: object, subject, content. Voronezh, 1987.

5. Aesthetics. Ed. Radugina A.A., M., 2002.

3. Painting, sculpture, graphics as types of fine art. Similarities and differences between types of fine arts. Types of painting, sculpture (easel, monumental, decorative). Types and expressive means of graphics. Terms and concepts in painting, graphics, sculpture.

Painting is a work of art made with paints applied to any surface. Painting - “writing life”, depicting objects “as in life”

Painting is divided: by size Monumental: The word “monumental” indicates the large size of the work. In painting, these are large paintings that decorate buildings inside and out. Monumental painting is represented by fresco, mosaic and stained glass. Easel painting: intended only for halls and rooms. An easel painting can be (moved from place to place. An easel painting [the artist paints a painting on an easel in his workshop.

Decorative: it is based on the unity of architectural spaces according to the “a la prima” method - painting in one step, “glazing”, the application of transparent layers of paint on top of the dried “pointillism” - painting with separate clear strokes according to the technique:

oil tempera watercolor painting

gouache painting

pastel In works of art created by painting, color and design, chiaroscuro, expressiveness of strokes, texture and composition are used.

A) landscape - an image of nature (rural, urban, heroic, epic, sea, romantic). I.I. Levitan “Golden Autumn”, A.K. Savrasov “The Rooks Have Arrived”

B) still life - the world of things. P.V. Kuznetsov “Still Life with Crystal”, P. Cezanne “Peaches and Pears”.

C) portrait - an image of a person. V. Tropinin “The Lacemaker” D) historical genre - V. I. Surikov “The Morning of the Streltsy Execution”

E) everyday genre - J.B.S. Chardin “The Laundress”, A.A. Plastov “The Tractor Driver’s Dinner” E) battle genre - Daineko “Defense of Sevastopol”

G) animalistic genre - depiction. animals. V.A. Vatagin “Bear”

3) mythological genre. V.M. Vasnetsov “Alyonushka”

Graphics is the art of drawing. Today, graphics are considered to be everything drawn on paper with ink, felt-tip pens, pencils, pastels, charcoal, sanguine, and crayons.

Graphics is a type of fine art, including drawing and printed works of art, based on the art of drawing, but having their own visual means and expressive capabilities.

Graphics come in black and white and color. Depending on the method of execution, the schedule can be unique, i.e. made in one copy, and printed, designed for a certain number of identical images - engravings or prints. The basis of graphics is line, spot, contrast.

1. Drawing. Original. Rafael, Vrubel.

2. Circulation graphics: poster, fonts, book, engraving

3. Bookplate - book sign

4. Caricature.

5. Computer graphics

6. Printmaking - a print from an easel engraving - woodcut - woodcut

Lithography - stone engraving

Linocut - engraving on linoleum

Etching - engraving on metal

There are industrial and applied graphics: stamps, stickers, trade labels, banknotes.

By purpose, easel, book, newspaper and magazine, poster (poster), applied graphics (graphic design), computer graphics are distinguished.

Unlike graphics, painting captures images in all their brilliance and richness of colors. However, painting, like graphics, does not copy the visible forms of the surrounding world, but creates their illusion. The painter strives to convey space in the picture, to “open a window” into the depicted world,” but he never forgets its decorative functions. Although in general the differences between painting and graphics are great, some works can be classified as both types of fine art. This is especially true for watercolor and gouache works.

Sculpture is the art of sculpting from plastic materials - clay, plasticine, plaster, wax. Another method is sculpting - carving, carving sculptures from hard materials such as marble, wood, granite. There are three main types of sculpture:

Easel, in size not exceeding the depicted object. (portrait, torso, bust, statue)

Small sculpture - small-sized sculpture made of stone, porcelain, wood, bronze

Monumental, distinguished by large forms and located on streets, squares, and parks.

The sculpture is round, which can be viewed from different sides and relief, located on a plane.

Round sculpture: statue, figurine, torso, bust, etc.

Relief - an image on a plane. Michelangelo "Night"; A. Mayol "Constricted movement"

Planar sculptural images:

1. Relief (protrudes up to 1/4 of the depth) - a sculptural image on a plane, clearly visible from one side

2.Bas-relief (up to 1/2 of its volume)

3. High relief (up to 3/4). Victory Square.

4. Counter-relief (embedded in stone)

3. The art of the objective world. Its types. Decorative and applied arts. Folk arts and crafts of Russia. Museum folk art in Raubichi. Museum of Folk Architecture and Life (Strochitsy village). Center of Folk Crafts (Dudutki).

The objective world is a world created, shaped by man and warmed by the warmth of everyday communication with people. We see an attachment to the beauty of everyday things in the works of artists and writers; in their works, things become eloquent heroes, enter into complex and contradictory relationships with people, and are important participants in the scenes depicted. In works of art we see not only modern look their authors on things, but also on modernity itself.

The objective world plays an important role in fiction. Things and subject groups can tell about a person’s activities, his social affiliation, and also help reveal the characters of literary characters. The description of the situation and the objective world is not given by chance by the writer. With the help of things, the author depicts the setting of the action and talks about his hero. And sometimes, on the contrary, the writer creates such a convincing image of the hero that we vividly imagine the objective world surrounding him.

Decorative and applied art is a special world of artistic creativity, an infinitely diverse area of ​​artistic objects created over the centuries-old history of the development of human civilization. This is a sphere outside of which it is impossible to imagine life in an environment organized by man, but above all in his spiritual world.

The concept of “decorative and applied art” is quite broad and multifaceted. This is a unique peasant art, rooted in centuries; and its modern “followers” ​​- traditional artistic crafts, connected by a common concept - folk art; and classics - monuments of world decorative art, using the universal in a wide range of its manifestations: from small, intimate forms to significant, large-scale ones, from single objects to multi-subject ensembles that enter into synthesis with other objects, the architectural and spatial environment, and other types of plastic arts.

In ancient times, along with making tools and other “economic” needs, people had a desire to decorate themselves and their living space. Painting of pottery, cult sculptures, etc. were widespread already in the Stone Age. Old Russian art has its roots in distant pre-Christian times. Somewhat naive products folk craftsmen of that period reflected people's closeness to nature and their worldview. A subtle sense of beauty, original styles, and techniques were not only preserved among the people, but also flourished successfully until Peter’s reforms. A huge contribution to the revival and detailed study of Russian handicrafts was made by Soviet scientists. But let's return to the forms of production of artistic products. If in ancient times there was a so-called “subsistence economy” (one economic unit, for example, a large family, fully provided for its own needs), then later handicrafts began to emerge. With the development of science and technology, however, “primitive” private workshops often could not withstand the competition of cheaper factory goods. Khokhloma painting.One of the painting techniques that foreigners associate with Russia is Khokhloma. This ancient craft arose under Nizhny Novgorod around the seventeenth century. and is a spectacular decorative painting of wooden furniture and dishes. On a golden background, stylized strawberries or rowan berries, branches, flowers, fantastic birds, animals and fish are depicted in red and black (occasionally green or yellow) colors. Zhostovo painting is a folk craft consisting of artistic painting metal trays. Today its center is in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow region, and the technique arose in the 18th century. Metal trays were made at that time only in the Urals, because the metallurgical plants of the empire were located there. In the 19th century Such trays were already made in the villages of the Moscow province, and soon the center of the craft moved here. Gzhel ceramics. The Gzhel craft, located sixty kilometers from Moscow, is one of the leading and oldest centers of ceramics production in Russia. Original jugs, kvass and kumgans were made from it, and from the end of the 19th century. An original style of painting also emerged - blue ornament on a white background .

Museum of Folk Art in Raubichi. The Museum of Belarusian Folk Art is a branch of the National Art Museum of Belarus. The museum opened at the end of 1979. It is housed in the former Krestogorsky Church, built in 1862, and is located next to the Raubichi biathlon sports facilities, 24 kilometers from Minsk.

The first acquaintance of museum visitors with folk art begins already on the stairs leading to the permanent exhibition. On two landings of the staircase there are unique display barriers, in which flax fiber dolls in national clothes and wooden chests inlaid with straw are presented.

From the stairs, spectators enter the introductory hall, where there are wooden benches and a long table. This room hosts school club classes and folk art masters. From here the viewer enters the permanent exhibition.

Museum of Folk Architecture and Life (Strochitsy village). The museum is located between the villages of Ozertso and Strochitsy on the banks of the Ptich River, not far from Minsk. This place has existed since 1976. Here you can see a school, a Uniate temple, a batley theater, a tavern and household items, and the most important thing is that all the buildings date back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The territory of the museum is divided into three exhibition sectors: central Belarus, the Dnieper region and the lake region, which differ from each other in architecture, culture and way of life. You can go into every house or barn and get acquainted in detail with the life of the peasants, and national costumes and the Belarusian language give the place even more flavor. Center of Folk Crafts (Dudutki). The Dudutki Museum of Material Culture is located 40 kilometers from the capital of Belarus, Minsk, located in a picturesque location on the Ptich River.

In the 16th century there was already an estate in Dudichi. The development of the estate is associated with Zaranki-Gorbavsky, and then with Prozary and Yelsky. Joseph Prozor, Kovenskiy Kastelian, later Vitebsk Voivode, in 1769 built an estate in Baroque forms, including a manor house with two offices, a regular park with a water system on Ptich.

Dudichi is becoming a well-known center of crafts, trades and fairs in the local region. In violation of royal privilege, fairs were held monthly on the new moon. Trade was brisk. They traded here not traditionally in bread and livestock, but mainly in agricultural products, handicrafts and local crafts.

Literature:

Whipper B.R. Articles about art - M.; 1972.

Vybornova G. The role of lighting in still life. - Artist; 6. 1984.

Gerchuk Yu.Ya. Living things - Soviet artist; - M.; 1977.

Kantor A. M. Subject and Environment in painting - Soviet artist.

Kuznetsov Yu. Western European still life - Soviet artist.

Puchkov A.S., Triselev A.V. Methodology for working on a still life - Enlightenment, 1982.

Shitov L.A., Larionov V.N. Painting – M.; - Enlightenment.

Test work on cultural studies on the topic:

Types and techniques of fine arts

a) GRAPHICS

b) PAINTING

c) SCULPTURE

3. References

1. Types of fine arts and their features

One of the main tasks of our society facing the system modern education, is the formation of a personal culture. The relevance of this task is connected with the revision of the system of life and artistic and aesthetic values. The formation of the culture of the younger generation is impossible without turning to the artistic values ​​accumulated by society in the course of its existence. Thus, the need to study the basics of art history becomes obvious.

In order to most fully understand the art of a certain era, it is necessary to navigate art historical terminology. Know and understand the essence of each art form. Only if one masters the categorical-conceptual system will a person be able to most fully understand the aesthetic value of monuments of art.

Art (creative reflection, reproduction of reality in artistic images.) exists and develops as a system of interconnected types, the diversity of which is due to the versatility of the real world itself, reflected in the process of artistic creativity.

Types of art are historically established forms of creative activity that have the ability to artistically realize the content of life and differ in the methods of its material embodiment (words in literature, sound in music, plastic and coloristic materials in the visual arts, etc.).

In modern art history literature, a certain scheme and system of classification of arts has developed, although there is still no single one and they are all relative. The most common scheme is to divide it into three groups.

The first includes spatial or plastic arts. For this group of arts, spatial construction in the disclosure is essential. artistic image - fine arts, Decorative and applied arts, Architecture, Photography.

The second group includes temporary or dynamic types of art. In them, the composition unfolding over time - Music, Literature - acquires key importance.

The third group is represented by spatio-temporal types, which are also called synthetic or spectacular arts - Choreography, Literature, Theatrical Art, Cinematography.

The existence of various types of art is due to the fact that none of them, by their own means, can give an artistic, comprehensive picture of the world. Such a picture can only be created by the entire artistic culture of humanity as a whole, consisting of individual types of art.

Fine art is a group of types of artistic creativity that reproduce visually perceived reality. Works of art have an objective form that does not change in time and space. Fine arts include: painting, graphics, sculpture.

A) GRAPHICS

Graphics (translated from Greek - “I write, I draw”) are, first of all, drawings and artistic printed works (engraving, lithography). It is based on the possibilities of creating expressive artistic form by using lines, strokes and spots of different colors applied to the surface of the sheet.

Graphics preceded painting. At first, man learned to capture the outlines and plastic forms of objects, then to distinguish and reproduce their colors and shades. Mastering color was a historical process: not all colors were mastered at once.

The specificity of graphics is linear relationships. By reproducing the shapes of objects, it conveys their illumination, the ratio of light and shadow, etc. Painting captures the real relationships of the colors of the world; in color and through color it expresses the essence of objects, their aesthetic value, verifies their social purpose, their correspondence or contradiction with the environment .

In the process of historical development, color began to penetrate into drawing and printed graphics, and now graphics include drawing with colored chalk - pastel, and color engraving, and painting with watercolors - watercolor and gouache. In various literature on art history, there are different points of view regarding graphics. In some sources: graphics is a type of painting, while in others it is a separate subtype of fine art.

B) PAINTING

Painting is a flat fine art, the specificity of which is to represent, using paints applied to the surface, an image of the real world, transformed by the creative imagination of the artist.

Painting is divided into:

Monumental - fresco (from Italian Fresco) - painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water and mosaic (from French mosaiqe) an image made of colored stones, smalt (Smalt - colored transparent glass.), ceramic tiles.

Easel (from the word "machine") - a canvas that is created on an easel.

Painting is represented by a variety of genres (Genre (French genre, from Latin genus, genitive generis - genus, species) is an artistic, historically established internal division in all types of art.):

A portrait is the main task of conveying an idea of ​​a person’s external appearance, revealing a person’s inner world, emphasizing his individuality, psychological and emotional image.

Landscape - reproduces the world around us in all its diversity of forms. The image of a seascape is defined by the term marineism.

Still life - depiction of household items, tools, flowers, fruits. Helps to understand the worldview and way of life of a certain era.

Historical genre - tells about historically important points life of society.

Everyday genre - reflects the daily life of people, the character, customs, traditions of a particular ethnic group.

Iconography (translated from Greek as “prayer image”) is the main goal of guiding a person on the path of transformation.

Animalism is the image of an animal as the main character of a work of art.

In the 20th century the nature of painting is changing under the influence of technological progress (the appearance of photo and video equipment), which leads to the emergence of new forms of art - Multimedia art.

B) SCULPTURE

Sculpture is a spatially visual art that explores the world in plastic images.

The main materials used in sculpture are stone, bronze, marble, and wood. At the present stage of development of society and technological progress, the number of materials used to create sculpture has expanded: steel, plastic, concrete and others.

There are two main types of sculpture: three-dimensional (circular) and relief:

High relief - high relief,

Bas-relief - low relief,

Counter-relief - mortise relief.

By definition, sculpture can be monumental, decorative, or easel.

Monumental - used to decorate city streets and squares, mark historically important places, events, etc. Monumental sculpture includes:

Monuments,

Monuments,

Memorials.

Easel - designed for inspection from a close distance and intended for decorating interior spaces.

Decorative - used to decorate everyday life (small plastic items).

2. Fine art techniques

Painting technique is a set of techniques for using artistic materials and means.

Traditional painting techniques: encaustic, tempera, wall (lime), glue and other types. Since the 15th century, the technique of painting with oil paints has become popular; in the 20th century, synthetic paints with a polymer binder (acrylic, vinyl, etc.) appeared. Gouache, watercolor, Chinese ink and semi-drawing technique - pastel - are also classified as painting.

Watercolor

Watercolor - painting with watercolors. The main quality of watercolor is the transparency and airiness of the image.

Watercolor is one of the most complex painting techniques. The apparent simplicity and ease of painting with watercolors is deceptive. Watercolor painting requires mastery of the brush, mastery of seeing tone and color, knowledge of the laws of mixing colors and applying a layer of paint to paper. There are many techniques in watercolor: working on dry paper, working on wet paper (“A la Prima”), using watercolor pencils, inks, multi-layer painting, working with a dry brush, pouring, washing off, using a palette knife, salt, using mixed media.

Watercolor, despite its apparent simplicity and ease of drawing, is a very complex painting technique. Watercolor painting requires mastery of the brush, mastery of seeing tone and color, knowledge of the laws of mixing colors and applying a layer of paint to paper.

For watercolor work, paper is one of the critical materials. What is important is its quality, type, relief, density, grain size, sizing. Depending on the quality of the paper, watercolor paints are applied to the paper, absorbed, and dried differently.

There are many artistic techniques in watercolor: working on wet paper (“A la Prima”), working on dry paper, pouring, washing, using watercolor pencils, ink, working with a dry brush, using a palette knife, salt, multi-layer painting, using mixed media.

The wet-on-wet technique uses the flow of watercolor and creates unusual color effects. Using this technique requires knowledge of the moisture level of the paper and experience in using the technique itself.

Filling is a very interesting technique in watercolor. Smooth color transitions allow you to effectively depict the sky, water, and mountains.

The palette knife is used not only in oil painting, but also in watercolor painting. With a palette knife you can emphasize the outlines of mountains, stones, rocks, clouds, sea waves, and depict trees and flowers.

The absorbent properties of salt are used to produce interesting effects in watercolors. With the help of salt, you can decorate a meadow with flowers, get a moving air environment in the picture, moving tonal transitions.

Multilayer painting is rich in color. Multilayer painting uses all the artistic techniques of working with watercolors.

Pencil

Pencil is a material for drawing. There are black graphite and colored pencils. Pencil drawings are done on paper using shading, tonal spots, and light and shade.

Watercolor pencils are a type of colored pencils that are water soluble. The techniques for using watercolor pencils are varied: blurring a drawing with a watercolor pencil with water, working with a watercolor pencil soaked in water, working with a pencil on wet paper, etc.

drawing is more difficult to do.

With the help of a pencil you can get infinitely many shades and gradations of tone. Pencils of varying degrees of softness are used in the drawing.

Starting work on graphic design from the design drawing, i.e. drawing the external contours of an object using construction lines, usually with a medium-soft pencil H, HB, B, F, then in a tone drawing, in which there are no contour lines of objects, and the boundaries of objects are indicated by shading; if necessary, softer pencils are used. The hardest is 9H, the softest is 9B.

When drawing with a pencil, it is advisable to make as few corrections as possible and use an eraser carefully so as not to leave stains, so the drawing will look fresh and neat. It is better not to use shading in a pencil drawing for the same reasons. To apply tone, the technique of shading is used. Strokes can be different in direction, length, spacing, and pencil pressure. The direction of the stroke (horizontal, vertical, oblique) is determined by the shape, size of the object, and the movement of the surface in the drawing.

A pencil portrait turns out very realistic and filled with light. After all, with the help of a pencil you can convey many shades, depth and volume of the image, and chiaroscuro transitions.

The pencil drawing is fixed with a fixative, so the drawing does not lose its clarity, does not smear even when touched by hand, and is preserved for a long time.

Oil

Oil painting on canvas is the most popular painting technique. Oil painting gives the master an unlimited number of ways to depict and convey the mood of the surrounding world. Pasty or airy transparent strokes through which the canvas is visible, creating a relief with a palette knife, glazing, the use of transparent or opaque paints, various variations of color mixing - all this variety of oil painting techniques allows the artist to find and convey the mood, the volume of depicted objects, the air environment, and create the illusion space, convey the richness of shades of the surrounding world.

Oil painting has its own peculiarity - the picture is painted in several layers (2-3), each layer needs to dry for several days depending on the materials used, so usually an oil painting is painted from several days to several weeks.

The most suitable material for oil painting is linen canvas. Linen fabric is durable and has a vibrant texture. Linen canvases come in different grain sizes. For portraits and detailed paintings, fine-grained, smoother canvas is used. Coarse-grained canvas is suitable for painting with a pronounced texture (stones, rocks, trees), impasto painting and palette knife painting. Previously, painting used the technique of glazing, applying paint in thin layers, so the roughness of the linen layer gave the painting elegance. Nowadays, the technique of impasto strokes is often used in painting. However, the quality of the canvas is important for the expressiveness of the painting.

Cotton canvas is a durable and inexpensive material, suitable for painting with paste strokes.

Oil painting also uses such bases as burlap, plywood, hardboard, metal, and even paper.

Canvases are stretched on cardboard and on a stretcher. Canvases on cardboard are thin and usually do not come in large sizes, and do not exceed 50*70. They are lightweight and easy to transport. Canvases on a stretcher are more expensive; finished canvases on a stretcher can reach a size of 1.2 m by 1.5 m. The finished painting is framed.

Before working with oil, the canvases are glued and primed. This is necessary so that the oil paint does not destroy the canvas, and so that the paint adheres well to the canvas.

Oil paintings are most often done by placing the canvas on an easel. Oil painting uses a palette knife technique. A palette knife is a tool made of flexible steel in the form of a knife or spatula with a curved handle. Different shape a palette knife helps to achieve different textures, relief, and volume. You can also apply even, smooth strokes with a palette knife. The blade of a palette knife can also be used to create fine lines - vertical, horizontal, chaotic.

Pastel

Pastel is one of the very unusual types of visual materials. Pastel painting is airy and gentle. The subtlety and elegance of the pastel technique gives the paintings a lively, sometimes fabulous and magical quality. In the “dry” pastel technique, the “shading” technique is widely used, which gives the effect of soft transitions and delicacy of color. Pastel is applied to rough paper. The color of the paper matters. The background color, appearing through the strokes of the pastel, evokes a certain mood, weakening or enhancing the color effects of the drawing. Pastel paintings are fixed with fixative and stored under glass.

The pastel technique gained wide popularity and reached its peak in the 18th century. Pastel has the property of imparting extraordinary softness and tenderness to any subject. Using this technique, you can create any subjects - from landscapes to drawings of people.

The advantages of pastel are great freedom for the artist: it allows you to remove and cover entire layers of painting, stop and resume work at any time. Pastel combines the possibilities of painting and drawing. You can draw and write with it, work with shading or a painterly spot, with a dry or wet brush.

The techniques for working with pastels are varied. Pastel touches are rubbed in with fingers, special brushes, leather rollers, silk square brushes, and soft swabs. The pastel technique is very subtle and complex in its overlays of pastel “glaze” color on color. Pastel is applied in spots, strokes, and glazes.

To work with pastel pencils, you need bases that hold the pastel and prevent it from falling off. Pastels are used on rough types of paper, such as torchon, whatman paper, sandpaper, on loose, fleecy cardboard, suede, parchment, and canvas. The best base is suede, on which some classic works are written. Pastel drawings are secured with special fixatives that prevent the pastel from falling off.

Edgar Degas was an unsurpassed pastel master. Degas had a sharp eye and an infallible drawing, which allowed him to achieve unprecedented effects in pastels. Never before have pastel drawings been so reverent, masterfully careless and so precious in color. In his later works, reminiscent of a festive kaleidoscope of lights, E. Degas was obsessed with the desire to convey the rhythm and movement of the scene. To give the paints a special shine and make them glow, the artist dissolved the pastel with hot water, turning it into a kind of oil paint, and applied it to the canvas with a brush. In February 2007, at a Sotheby’s auction in London, Degas’s pastel “Three Dancers in Violet Skirts” was sold for $7.87 million. In Russia in

pastels were worked by such masters as Repin, Serov, Levitan, Kustodiev, Petrov-Vodkin.

Sangina

The color range of sanguine, a material for drawing, ranges from brown to close to red. With the help of sanguine, the tones of the human body are well conveyed, so portraits made with sanguine look very natural. The technique of drawing from life using sanguine has been known since the Renaissance (Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael). Sanguine is often combined with charcoal or Italian pencil. To ensure greater durability, sanguine designs are secured with a fixative or placed under glass.

Sanguina has been known since antiquity. It was then that sanguine allowed the introduction of flesh color into the drawing. The technique of drawing with sanguine became widespread during the Renaissance. Renaissance artists developed and widely used the “three pencils” technique: they painted a drawing in sanguine or sepia and charcoal on toned paper, and then highlighted the desired areas with white chalk.

The word "sanguine" comes from the Latin "sanguineus" - "blood-red". These are red-brown pencils. Sanguine is made from finely ground burnt sienna and clay. Like pastel, charcoal and sauce, sanguine is a soft material that is shaped into tetrahedral or round crayons during production.

With the help of sanguine, the tones of the human body are well conveyed, so portraits made with sanguine look very natural.

The technique of working with sanguine is characterized by a combination of broad strokes and shading with strokes of sharply sharpened sanguine blocks. Beautiful drawings sanguine are obtained on a tinted background, especially when charcoal and chalk are added to the base material (the “three pencils” technique).

For the drawing, choose sanguine of a shade that better suits the characteristics of nature. For example, it is good to paint a naked body with reddish sanguine, and a landscape with grayish-brown or sepia-colored sanguine.

Sometimes sanguine is combined with charcoal, which produces cool shades. The contrast of warm and cold shades gives a special charm to such works.

To ensure greater durability, sanguine designs can be secured with a fixative or placed under glass.

Tempera

Tempera (from the Latin "temperare" - to combine) is a paint binder consisting of a natural or artificial emulsion. Before the improvement of oil paints by J. Van Eyck (15th century), medieval egg tempera was one of the most popular and widespread types of painting in Europe, but gradually it lost its importance.

In the second half of the 19th century, the disappointment that came with later oil painting served as the beginning of the search for new binders for paints, and the forgotten tempera, the well-preserved works of which speak eloquently for themselves, again attracted interest.

In contrast to oil painting and old tempera, new tempera does not require the painter to have a specific system for painting, giving him complete freedom in this regard, which he can use without any damage to the strength of the painting. Tempera, unlike oil, dries quickly. Tempera paintings coated with varnish are not inferior in color to oil paintings, and in terms of immutability and durability, tempera paints are even superior to oil paints.

Graphic materials and techniques are varied, but, as a rule, the basis is a paper sheet. The color and texture of the paper play a big role. Colorful materials and techniques are determined by the type of graphics.

Easel graphics Depending on the nature of the technique, it is divided into two types: printmaking and drawing.

Printmaking- from the French estamper - to stamp, to imprint - an impression on paper. The initial image is not made directly on paper, but on a plate of some solid material, from which the design is then printed or imprinted using a press. In this case, you can get not just one copy of a print, but many, that is, replicate a graphic image. Printing is also used in applied graphics, posters, and book illustrations. But there the printing plate is made from the original, made by the artist, photomechanically, by machine. In easel graphics for printmaking, the printing form is created by the artist himself, so a number of copies of original works are obtained

art is the same artistic value, fully preserving the living and direct imprint of the author’s creative work.

The process of creating a printing form from any hard material - wood, metal, linoleum - is called engraving (from the French word graver - to cut). The drawing is created by cutting or scratching with some sharp instrument - a needle, a chisel. Works of graphics printed from an engraving printing plate are called engravings.

flat engraving- the picture and background are on the same level;

raised engraving- the paint covers the surface of the drawing - the drawing is above the background level;

in-depth engraving- paint fills the recesses, the drawing is below the background level.

Depending on the material from which the printing form is created, there are different different types engravings:

Lithography- the printing form is the surface of the stone (limestone). The stone is polished very smoothly and degreased. The image is applied to the lithographic stone with a special thick lithographic ink or pencil. The stone is wetted with water, then paint is rolled on, sticking only to the previously applied design. Lithography was invented in 1798. In the 19th century it became widespread in easel and socially critical magazine graphics. (French artist Honoré Daumier: “Down the curtain, the farce is played” 1834, “Rue Transnonen, April 15, 1834” 1834, from 1837 to 1851 - approximately 30 lithographic series - “Robert Maner”, “Parisian types”, “ Respectable bourgeois", "Workers of justice".)

Algraphy- flat printing, the execution technique is similar to lithography, but instead of stone an aluminum plate is used.

Woodcut- wood engraving, cut with a special cutter. The paint is rolled onto the plane of the original board. When printing on paper, the areas cut out by the cutter remain white. The prints are a contour drawing with thick black lines. Woodcuts appeared in the Middle Ages in connection with the need for printing. (German artists Albrecht Durer: “The Four Horsemen” 1498 and Hans Holbein the Younger series of engravings “Images of Death” 1524-1525)

Linocut- engraving on linoleum. The technique is very close to woodcuts. Linoleum is an inexpensive, accessible material. Linocuts are simpler to perform compared to woodcuts due to the synthetic origin of the material used (uniformity, absence of artificial fibers interfering with the cutter).

Metal engraving performed on zinc, copper, iron, steel. Metal engraving is divided into printing with etching and without etching. There are a large number of techniques for this type of engraving - the drypoint technique (closest to the author's graphics, since it does not have a large circulation), mezzotint ("black print"), etching, aquatint, soft varnish (or strip varnish).

Etching- from the French eau-forte - nitric acid. The design is scratched with an engraving needle into a layer of acid-resistant varnish covering the metal plate. The scratched areas are etched with acid, and the resulting in-depth image is filled with paint and stamped onto paper. (French artist Jacques Callot: series “Great Disasters of War” 1633, series “Inferior” 1622)

Dry needle- the design is applied directly to the metal by scratching strokes on the surface of the metal board with the tip of a hard needle.

Mezzotint- from the Italian mezzo - medium and tinto - painted. A type of in-depth engraving in which the surface of a metal board is roughened by a lapidary, producing a solid black background when printed. Areas of the board corresponding to the light areas of the pattern are scraped, smoothed, and polished.

Aquatint- from the Italian aquatinta - an engraving method based on acid etching the surface of a metal plate with fused asphalt or rosin dust and an image applied with an acid-repellent varnish using a brush. It has a huge number of shades from black to white.

As for the technique of sculpture, its types can be grouped according to various principles. According to one principle, sculpture techniques can be divided into the following three groups:

When the artist’s hand finishes all the work (processing clay, stone, wood).

When the artist's work ends with fire (ceramics).

When the artist gives only a model of the future statue (cast in bronze).

According to another principle, sculpture technique falls into three, but different main groups:

Modeling in soft materials (wax, clay) is a technique that we call in the narrow sense “plasticity”.

Processing of hard materials (wood, stone, ivory), or “sculpture” in the truest sense of the word.

Casting and embossing in metal.

References

1. A. V. Lunacharsky About fine arts

2. L. A. Nemenskaya Fine arts. Art in human life

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