Graphics as an art form

Concept of graphics

Graphics(from the Greek grapho - write, from the French - to cut on something) - one of the oldest forms of art, including drawing, which, on the one hand, can be an integral part of graphics, on the other, act as an independent work. Drawing constitutes the initial stage of work on works of plastic art. Graphics, more than other types of fine art, are closer to writing, drawing, and symbols, since its important graphic means is the very plane of a white sheet of paper with lines, dots, strokes and spots applied to it.

Graphics are close to painting, but if in painting color - the main means of artistic expression - appears in an inextricable connection with a line, which is not always distinct, can be muted, obscured by chiaroscuro, and is sometimes barely discernible, then in graphics the line serves as the leading means of expression.

Graphics is one of the most common types of art. On the one hand, graphic works seem simple and concise when perceived, on the other hand, creating a graphic image is extremely difficult, since on a sheet of paper the artist needs to convey the shape of an object, create the illusion of volume, reflect the light flux, or, conversely, generalize the form so that it becomes possible create an impression. And all this needs to be done by simple means, accessible to everyone.

Difficulties in understanding some details that arise during the conversation can be easily eliminated with the help of elementary drawings. With a pencil you can not only depict a familiar object, but also convey the range of a person’s feelings.

Unlike painting, in graphics the subject is more schematized, rationalized and constructed. A characteristic feature is convention (a graphic image can be made on almost any plane, on any background).

If it is better to look at paintings from afar, so that the strokes become indistinguishable, merging into a natural harmony, similar to the harmony of nature, then we look at graphic works close up and see conventional strokes, zigzags, lines, i.e., the “technique” of drawing, which does not affect the perception of the image affects.

Types of graphics

The variety of types of graphics is not as great as in design or decorative and applied arts, but many of its types are closely related to painting.

By nature of execution graphics are divided into the following types:

- manual- all graphic works made manually and in one copy;

- printed is performed thanks to a cliché that leaves an imprint on the surface. It is carried out in several copies, i.e. it can be replicated. It has its own varieties: printmaking, woodcut, etching, lithography, linocut.

By technique graphics are divided according to materials:

- pencil- graphics are done with simple and colored pencils on a sheet of paper or cardboard. There are two styles of working with graphite pencil: line-line and tonal-painting. Work with colored pencils is carried out, like with a graphite pencil, using a contour line and a stroke, which must be combined with the color;

- coal It has a large tonal range, is easy to erase, easy to use, and is well suited for sketching and quick sketches. Rough grained paper is used, on which the charcoal leaves a beautiful textured mark;

- sanguine consists of a clayey substance colored by anhydrous iron oxide, as a result of which it has an intense red-brown mark. You can work with it in two manners: pencil and painting, as well as combining them. In the first case, the sanguine chalk is used as a pencil, modeling shapes with a stroke, line, side surface of the chalk or shading. This method is acceptable in children's visual arts, since it gives children the opportunity to draw using various technical techniques. In the painting method, powdered sanguine is diluted with water, and then all the necessary planes are filled with a brush;

- sauce As a material, the design is deep in tone, with a pleasant velvety surface, and has a wide tonal range. Most often used wet, this allows you to more fully reveal its qualities and rich capabilities. Before you start drawing with wet sauce, you need to select the appropriate paper. It should not be coarse-grained, but dense enough to withstand repeated washing with water and the use of gum. First, the future image is easily drawn on a sheet of paper with a pencil. Then, having diluted the sauce in water, large planes are laid with appropriate brushes, trying to take the tonal relationships as accurately as possible. The sauce, as it dries, seems to fix itself, but at the same time remains deep and pleasant in tone. Drawings with sauce can be easily corrected or weakened in areas that are overloaded with tone using a soft eraser. The final finishing of the details requires the use of small watercolor brushes, charcoal pencil, etc.;

- pastel- the most beautiful of soft materials. Shades of color are selected directly on paper or mixed by rubbing. In addition, each color in the set has several differences in lightness and saturation - from a dense, saturated tone to a light, slightly saturated tone. For pastels, it is preferable to use rough or grainy paper or cardboard. It is very good to use colored paper, the color of which is used as the main tone;

- grisaille- a technique of drawing with a brush on paper, when large masses and planes are laid out in tone. Allows you to create designs that are particularly subtle. Drawing with a brush has two artistic functions: a preparatory drawing for painting and an independent drawing. Many artists prefer to make a preparatory drawing for their paintings directly on canvas or paper with the same paint that will be used for the work. This method has a number of advantages. Firstly, dissimilar, often incompatible materials (for example, paints and graphite pencil) are not mixed; secondly, drawing with a brush disciplines the eye and hand, reinforcing the skill of working with a contour line, and at the same time forces you to think about the future composition in advance. And finally, the paint contour organically blends with the overall color spot, and can also be used as a decorative element of the composition. It is not painted over: this gives the drawing life.

Brush drawing as an independent type of graphics has a long history. The essence of grisaille is that light and shadow effects are achieved by repeated overlapping (glazing) with a solution of some neutral paint (black, brown, etc.). Painting with a brush is done with watercolor brushes of different sizes: large ones are used for fills, small ones are used to draw details. To work in this technique, various liquid materials are used: ink, watercolor, sepia, etc. Depending on the technical techniques, paper is selected. Thick, fine-grained paper that can withstand repeated overlaps is suitable for grisaille. For sketches, drafts, and etudes, lower quality types of paper are used, often lightly tinted, yellowish, ocher, and bluish in shades.

According to its meaning The graphics have the following types:

- easel graphics , her works are very reminiscent of paintings, since they convey volume, perspective, and light and shadow modeling. The value of easel graphics lies in the fact that these works are unique and unique;

- book- used in the design of books and book products, development of book layouts, illustrations, etc.;

- applied- associated with the production of printed products (postcards, stamps, labels, packaging, etc.);

- poster- involves the creation of posters, posters, billboards.

According to artistic and figurative structure The following types of graphics can be distinguished:

- realistic, her works plausibly reflect the surrounding reality;

- decorative, or stylized, involves a generalization of the form of objects, phenomena, which excludes naturalism, but allows for similarity with real objects;

- abstract is opposite in figurative structure to the realistic one, its goal is to reveal the inner content of the image, its artistic and emotional side.

All types of graphics are revealed in their genres. It, like painting, is multi-genre, i.e. All genres used in painting are also implemented in graphics.

Graphics as the basis of fine art

Completed by: Zamanova Anastasia

student 21 groups,

speciality 050146

Supervisor:

Chelyabinsk 2011

Introduction
ChapterI. Graphics as an independent type of art.
1.1. Historical information about the emergence and development of the art of graphics.
1.2. Types of graphics.
1.3. Graphics materials.
1.4. Image of animals and birds in graphic art.
Conclusion
References

Introduction

Drawing is the highest honesty of art.

Engr

Relevance of the research problem. Graphics, as one of the most ancient and widespread types of artistic creativity, occupies a prominent place in the fine arts. “It contributes to the development of aesthetic education and upbringing, develops artistic taste, and helps in mastering a number of specialties,” says a modern art theorist.

Due to the comparative simplicity of the artistic language and ease of reproduction in large print runs, graphics are widely used in the field of mass agitation and propaganda. Graphics serve as a means of reproducing paintings and sculptures.

The great Italian Renaissance artist Michelangelo Buonarroti wrote: “Drawing, which is otherwise called the art of sketching, is the highest point of painting, sculpture, and architecture; drawing is the source and root of all science.”

Drawing as an independent field of creativity can be artistic and creative. This is a drawing when the artist does not copy the subject, but chooses the most important and characteristic, strengthens it, omitting everything that is unimportant. Such a drawing plays a huge role in the development of artistic taste and has great cognitive and educational significance, for example, drawings for fables.

Drawing is the main type of children's creativity in drawing on various topics and in decorative drawing.

The wonderful artist Marc Chagall (1 believed that the basis of training for a future artist is realistic art. He wrote: “Realistic methods should be taught in an art school, young artists should first of all be put firmly on their feet... it’s another matter how the artist will develop after completing his studies ... In all art schools in the world, the realistic teaching principles are the same.”

Drawing is of great importance in the practical activities of schoolchildren, students, workers, technicians, engineers and people of various specialties working in various fields of science, technology and culture. It plays an important role in determining the contour, shape, volume of objects and their location in space. With the help of drawing, a person also learns and studies the surrounding reality. “The ability to understand drawing and drawing greatly facilitates the study of tools, machines, machines and various units. Drawing and sketching are now becoming especially important because we have come to grips with mastering technology,” art theorists once noted.

Based on the problem of art education, we formulated research topic: "Graphics as the basis of fine art".

To conduct a theoretical study, we determined research objectives:

1. select and study theoretical literature on graphics and its visual capabilities;

2. based on an analysis of the literature, present in the text of the work the theoretical foundations, types and features of the art of graphics;

3. summarize the results of the study on the topic “Graphics as the basis of fine art” and determine the prospects for further work on this topic.

During the study we used the following theoretical research methods:

Study and analysis of literature;

Comparison of art critics' points of view;

Classification and systematization of material;

Modeling;

Generalization.

Chapter 1. General information about the art of graphics.

1.1. Historical background to the emergence and development of the art of graphics.

Graphics as a form of fine art did not appear immediately. Graphic images were created already when people lived in caves, made fire by friction, and went hunting with a stone ax. The drawings were scratched or painted on the walls of caves and were contour and silhouette. Until the 13th and 14th centuries, paints played a secondary role in fine art, only emphasizing the contours of the design, and were of a decorative nature.

The beginning of the theoretical substantiation of drawing rules belongs to the Egyptians. Training in drawing techniques was carried out in two directions.

On the one hand, free movement of the hand was practiced so that the main contour lines could be easily applied with a brush to the surface of the board or papyrus. On the other hand, the student had to have a strong and steady hand in order to confidently scratch an outline on a wall for a fresco, on a stone for a bas-relief. Among the drawings of the ancient Egyptians, along with religious subjects, you can see drawings reflecting life impressions: cats walk among thickets of papyrus; girl catches fish; people play musical instruments.

Ancient Greek artists argued that the essence of beauty is in symmetry, in the harmony of parts and the whole. The method of teaching drawing was based on drawing from life, but drawing was used only for preparatory and educational purposes; it did not yet have independent significance.

In the era of the Roman Empire, fine art itself, and therefore drawing in particular, had an applied character. Therefore, when learning to draw, copying samples and repeating the work techniques of the ancient Greeks prevailed.

Medieval fine art rejected realistic trends if they did not correspond to a religious subject. The drawing was aimed not at accurately conveying nature, but at its emotional and spiritual state.

During the Renaissance, the art of drawing acquired independent significance. The study of ancient monuments determined the new content of art. A different system of artistic vision emerged - the image began to be constructed as a real painting. Particularly important was the formation of a specific drawing language. The line acquired plastic expressiveness, the ability to convey volume and space in the very pressure.

By this time, the drawings used lead, silver and other metal leads (pins), graphite, Italian pencil, sanguine, charcoal, chalk, pastel, as well as liquid materials - bistre, ink, multi-colored ink, watercolor, whitewash. They painted with pens and brushes on white paper and on paper of various colors, tinted and primed. This enriched the artistic and technical possibilities of the image.

In the history of the development of drawing, there were two different approaches to depiction, two systems of conveying form: volumetric, pictorial. With a three-dimensional image, the form is conveyed by a clear contour and modeling of volume, with a picturesque image, the contours seem to dissolve in the surrounding air space.

A strict, linear style was followed by such Renaissance artists as A. Matenyi, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo.

Venetian artists painted in a free manner, including: Giorgione, Titian, B. Veronese, J. Tintoretto.

Leonardo da Vinci made a great contribution to the development of drawing. He had entire albums with sketches, sketches and drawings, which later became masterpieces of fine art. Leonardo da Vinci is the creator of the first landscape drawing in European art.

The great masters of linear drawings made with a silver pin were Jan van Eyck, A. Dürer, Raphael and others. A. Dürer created drawings of all types and genres.

The Russian school of the 18th and 19th centuries also introduced a lot of new things into drawing techniques. O. Kiprensky, K. Bryullov and many other students of the Academy of Arts were masters of drawing.

Drawings by A. Losenko, I. Repin and many other Russians
masters give an idea of ​​various techniques for using graphic materials.

I. Repin loved to make sharp psychological drawings with a graphite pencil and use shading.

Illustrative drawing is of great importance. Many writers and poets made drawings and sketches as illustrations for their works. There were artists who made illustrations for children's books. Best drawings created for them - an illustrator of fairy tales, - an animal painter, a master of children's books for preschoolers, and others.

With the onset of the Great Patriotic War, the drawing began to have a military character. A huge number of posters and leaflets were produced. The drawing became a serious defender of the Motherland, who morally destroyed the enemy.

After the end of the war, the main theme of the drawing became the life of a Soviet person.

The path of graphics development was difficult. And now we can confidently call drawing not just a form of fine art, but also its basis.

1.2. Types of graphics.

By type, graphics are divided into:

1) easel or sheet (easel drawing, print, popular print);

2) books and magazines and newspapers;

3) applied (certificates, diplomas, stamps, labels, posters, etc.);

4) engravings (woodcut, linography, lithography, etching, drypoint, cardboard engraving, etc.).

Types of graphics

Scheme 1.1.

One of the authors of the MHC dictionary notes: “Easel graphics are the type of graphics that most freely allows the artist to choose and interpret the theme of his drawing. It is not related to the literary text. The artist himself chooses the material and sheet format. Easel drawings are often performed on paper, cardboard and fabric, less often on wood, metal and stone. Easel drawings are works of fine art."

Printmaking An artistic image printed on paper from a wooden board is called; metal, linoleum or special stone. To do this, the surface of the board or stone is processed accordingly/

Splint- a folk picture, characterized by its particularly simple and accessible images and intended for mass distribution. Lubok was first printed from a board of linden bast. In the 18th century they began to print from a metal board, but the name remained the same. Usually the popular print was accompanied by an explanatory, most often poetic, text. In Russia, lubok in the 17th century had religious themes, and in the 18th century the main images became fabulous, epic, everyday, and satirical. Over the years, artists, ev, and others performed patriotic popular prints.

In Soviet art art form artists used popular prints in poster. Others also worked using this technique.

Book and magazine-newspaper graphics have their own characteristics. The design of a book, magazine and newspaper goes through a complex process in which they intertwine artistic creativity and technology. Book design is the expression of literary content through artistic and printing means. TO artistic means include: various illustrations, that is, images that reveal the contents of a book, magazine, newspaper; hand-drawn ornaments, drawings, diagrams, maps, reproductions from photographs, paintings, posters; drawn fonts. Printing media includes materials for making a book, that is, paper, cardboard, paint, and so on, as well as reproduction methods.

Engraving- a type of graphics in which the image is a printed impression of a relief design applied to the board by an engraver.

Based on printing methods, engravings are divided into three main groups:

1) raised print;

2) in-depth printing;

3) flat printing.

Raised print engraving. This includes woodcut - woodcut and linoleum - linocut. This printing is characterized by the removal, by cutting or gouging out the board, of those places that remain white on the paper. The bulges on the board are covered with paint. When printed on paper, it leaves a mark - a drawing.

Wood engraving appeared at the end of the 6th century. China is considered its homeland; it is found in India, Japan and other countries. In Russia, wood engraving arose in the mid-16th century.

In-depth print engraving. This includes all methods of engraving on metal: chisel engraving, “dry point” and mezzotint, as well as etching and its varieties - soft varnish and aquinta. In-depth engraving is characterized by an indentation in the metal board in the form of scratches or grooves. Engraving on metal is time-consuming and requires a lot of physical effort. The work is carried out with a cubic steel cutter with a diamond-shaped cut. A design is applied to a steel or copper board by pressing.

In the drypoint method, the engraver scratches a metal board with a special hard needle or a diamond fragment.

The mezzotint method is more complex, but it allows for a continuous and subtle transition from shadow to light. Good mezzotint prints are rare and expensive, as the boards wear out quickly.

Etching is a type of engraving on metal in which indentations are obtained by etching the metal with acids.

The polished surface of a copper or zinc board is coated with acid-resistant varnish. A design is applied to the varnish with a special needle. The acid acts on the metal only where the varnish is damaged, leaving a pattern on the metal.

Soft varnish is a type of etching, where instead of the usual topcoat varnish, a thicker and softer composition is used. The drawing is applied not with a needle, but with a pencil, but not directly on the varnish layer, but on thin paper placed on it.

Aquinta is also a type of etching. This technique is used to achieve soft watercolor transitions in etched engravings.

Classical metal engraving and etching flourished in Russia in the 18th century.

Flat print engraving. This includes lithography. The design is applied to the surface of a special lithographic stone.

Lithography is divided into two types: autolithography and reproduction lithography.

Autolithography is a type of lithography when the author-artist himself creates his work directly on the stone, from which an impression is made on paper.

Reproduction lithography differs sharply from autolithography. The master lithographer only copies the finished original given by the artist.

1.3. Graphics materials.

Coal has been the material for drawing since ancient times; during the Renaissance, the so-called “Italian pencil” (black chalk with qualities similar to coal) and sanguine (“red chalk”) came into use; Since the 16th century, graphite has been used, and since the end of the 18th century, a pencil with a wooden frame has appeared.

To complete drawing tasks, the most preferred are graphite and colored pencils, felt-tip pens, watercolors, ink, sauce, crayons, as well as charcoal, sanguine, and pastels.

Variety of graphic materials

Scheme 1.2.

Let us dwell on some features of graphic materials.

Graphite pencil Convenient for both educational and creative work. It has a nice gray tone and some shine, and can be easily erased with an eraser. With this pencil you can create linear, line-line and tonal-painterly drawings. For drawing, a graphite pencil is the simplest and most accessible means.

Graphite lays on any paper and does not crumble. Line and stroke work well on thick, smooth paper, while grainy paper is suitable for tonal work. Pencil drawings on paper that has turned yellow with age look good.

A graphite pencil is good for drawings in an album, on a Whatman paper.

1. Colored pencils It is also possible to achieve a variety of graphic and painterly effects, especially with watercolor pencils that can be washed out with water. The teacher’s article notes: “This is a material that is accessible and easy to work with, so children often draw with it. The possibilities of colored pencils are much richer, but children do not use them. The reason here is that children and schoolchildren need to present these techniques in a methodologically competent and engaging manner. Then colored pencils will become a creative companion for many people, even non-professionals.”

“Teach children to use fantastic patterns to fill the plane of an object, for example, cells, waves, diamonds, circles and you will see the joyful eyes of a child. He realized that his drawing had become much more colorful and interesting. The use of decorative spots enriches and liberates children's imagination and directly children's drawing", writes.

« Coal As a drawing material, it has been used by artists since ancient times. You can work with charcoal in two ways: using lines and strokes and using tonal shading. Charcoal gives a deep velvety black color and a wide range of tonal transitions. They perform quick sketches, sketches and long-term drawings. It is very convenient to use and easy to wash. Charcoal clearly reveals the shape of an object and allows it to convey light and shadow. They are used to draw on paper, cardboard, canvas, walls and other surfaces. It is better to use rough paper. Interesting drawings charcoal is obtained against a colored background of dim tones.

Charcoal drawings should be fixed with a special fixative or hairspray,” explains an authoritative art methodologist.

“The felt-tip pen glides easily across the paper and leaves a beautiful, smooth line that cannot be erased. The drawing is done using lines, strokes or decorative spots. Felt-tip pens are good for sketches from life, sketches of landscapes, and decorative design work.

Sangin, a red-brown material, was used in drawings by Leonardo da Vinci. Sanguine drawings are linear, line and tone. It shades well on rough paper, cardboard, and primed canvas. Mastering the technique of working with this material should begin with sketches, and continue in longer drawings from life or from an idea,” notes the author.

Sauce- this is a drawing material in the form of thick pencil sticks made of pressed dyes with glue, wrapped in foil. It is used in large and long drawings, in sketches and sketches. There are two techniques for making drawings with sauce: wet sauce (blurred with a brush with water) and dry sauce (applied to paper with a stroke).

Pastel- painting with dry soft colored pencils without a frame, “pressed from mineral dyes erased into a fine colorful powder with the addition of a bonding or whitening agent - gum arabic, milk, chalk, gypsum, talc. Pastel pencils are hard, medium hard and soft,” this is how the properties of the material are defined. “In school practice, art teachers use pastels. With the help of delicate shades of the material, children comprehend the patterns of color, can express the mood and character of an object, that is, they learn to subtly sense the aesthetics of the world around them,” notes one of the classics of art methodology.

Pastels are also called works made with pastel pencils. They are used to draw on rough paper, cardboard, primed canvas, suede, and parchment. Drawings made with pastels must be secured with a fixative or hairspray.

1.4. Image of animals and birds in graphic art.

Animalistic genre- a genre of fine art in which the main subject of the image is animals. Animal artists focus on the artistic and figurative characteristics of the animal and its habits.

Animal drawings- the oldest species visual arts man, with its roots in the Upper Paleolithic era (20-40 thousand years BC). The image of the beast was so popular in the works of ancient artists that its images are found more often than other subjects in the Paleolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic. A number of ancient graphic compositions can be considered masterpieces of world art.

It was then that the main styles in the depiction of animals were outlined and graphic techniques were defined.

Animal images, made by the hand of prehistoric man, are executed from memory and imagination and, in the generality and accuracy of the images, resemble verified graphic compositions.

Graphics of animals from Ancient Egypt, China, the Far East, America and other regions allow students to find images that are close in spirit.

The depiction of birds and animals requires close study of their appearance. The nature of the plasticity and structural structure of the body shape.

Drawing of birds. An idea of ​​the origin and development of birds, their anatomical structure and way of life will help an observant draftsman find their individual characteristics.

A well-known animal artist advises: “It is better to start sketches with a still nature - stuffed birds. It is useful to first make a few introductory sketches or sketches of a stuffed large bird, and then perform the drawing in different positions, first becoming familiar with their anatomical structure, proportions and movement, which influence the nature of the form.

Sketches and sketches of domestic animals from nature and in the zoo are very useful. To begin with, it is better to choose animals in a state of rest or their sedentary poses as nature. In the future, you can move on to sketches of actively moving models.”

Boris Mikhailovich Nemensky admonishes the teacher: “Junior school age is distinguished by a genuine interest in all living things, in the fauna and flora of the surrounding world. We need to help children see the beauty of animals, the plasticity and grace of their movements. With proper explanation and demonstration of working techniques using graphic materials, children are happy to draw their pets, forest inhabitants, images of exotic and fantastic animals. The main thing is to pass on your passion to your children!” .

Conclusion

To sum up, we can conclude that graphics really are the basis of fine art, since graphic drawing is the first stage in the creation of any work of fine art. All authors are unanimous in the opinion that the drawing is the basis of the image and gives a clear, clear idea of ​​the design and volume of the object.

Art theorists write in detail and imaginatively about the artistic possibilities of graphics; we learned in detail about the variety of materials while studying the monographs “Types of Fine Arts.” During the research, we relied on the work of an animal artist and a teacher-methodologist. The study of graphics has enriched and expanded our knowledge about graphics and its artistic capabilities.

Acquaintance with the opinion of an authoritative scientist, artist and teacher in the book “The Wisdom of Beauty” gives us reason to believe that teaching children to understand the art of graphics, to study artistic possibilities different materials and provide children with the joy of drawing with pencil, pastels, felt-tip pens - this is a necessary component artistic development children.

Studying the theory of graphic art is necessary for me, as a future teacher, for a deeper understanding of the organization of work in the classroom.

In the future, in course work we plan to perform creative works in graphics and will try to place special emphasis on the series graphic drawings animals and the creation of practical aids for teaching graphics to younger schoolchildren.

References

1. Grushevitskaya, T. G., Guzik, M. A., Sadokhin, according to the world artistic culture[Text] / , . - M.: Academy, 2001. - P. 198.

2. Dukanin, K. N., Egorov, F. I., Lukinov, B. P., Sedov, K. M., Charnetsky of fine arts [Text]/, . - St. Petersburg: “Art”, 1999. - P. 200

3. Izergina, about art [Text]/. - Leningrad: Publishing House of the Academy of Arts, 1962.

4. Karlov, birds and animals: ed. 2nd, additional [Text]/ . - M.: Education, 2001. - P. 76.

5. Konev, A.F., Malanov, draw. Drawing a dog [Text]/ , . - Minsk, Harvest, 2003. - P. 102, with illustration.

6. Nemensky, beauty: training manual for the teacher [Text]/ . – M.: Education, 1992. – P. 307.

7. Sokolnikova, art and methods of teaching it in elementary school [Text]/. - M.: Academy, 1999. - P. 324.

8. Jurassic, colored pencils [Text]/// Primary school. - No. 10. – 2003. - P. 15–18.

(from the Greek grapho I write, I draw) one of the types of fine arts. Graphics are a drawing and an imprint on a sheet of paper (in ancient times, on papyrus, on parchment). There are easel graphics (drawing, print, popular print), book graphics (illustrations, vignettes, headpieces, drop caps, title, front title, binding, cover, dust jacket), magazine and newspaper graphics, miniatures (a variant of book graphics), industrial graphics, bookplate, poster, silk-screen printing, linocut.

Graphics are related to the image on the plane. White or colored paper, which is the basis of graphics, plays the role of a background against which a line, stroke, or spot becomes more expressive.

Based on the method of execution and reproduction (replication) capabilities, graphics are divided into unique and printed.

Unique graphics create a work in a single copy: drawing, watercolor, gouache, monotype, collage, appliqué, photomontage.

With the help of printed graphics (engravings), circulation of works of art is obtained, the prints of which are the author's works. Depending on the material, the method of its processing (engraving) - mechanical (carving, scratching) or chemical (etching), and the type of “intaglio”, “letterpress” or “flat” printing, it is divided into the following techniques: woodcut, linocut, zincography, lithography, cardboard engraving, copper engraving, etching, mezzotint, aquatint, drypoint, etc. Engravings can be made in one of these techniques or a combination of them, in black and white or color.

Modern types of graphics include computer graphics, which are formed in electronic systems.

The modern graphic design stands out.

An independent area is formed by writing graphics (epigraphy, font art, calligraphy), which had great artistic significance in the aesthetic systems of antiquity and the East (Arabic script, Chinese and Japanese characters, Indian fonts, etc.).

Kristeller P. History of European engraving. M., “Art”, 1939
Kristeller P. History of European engraving 15-17 centuries. L., “Art”, 1939
Kalning A. Watercolor painting. M., “Art”, 1968
Turova V. What is engraving? M., " fine arts", 1977
Advice from the experts. Painting and graphics. L., “Artist of the RSFSR”, 1979
Materials and drawing techniques.
Materials and drawing techniques. M., “Fine Arts”, 1984
Apollo. Fine and decorative arts. Architecture. M., "ELLIS LACK", 1997

Find "GRAPHICS" on

Painting- a type of fine art associated with the transmission of visual images through the application of paints to a rigid or flexible surface.

There are five types of painting: easel, monumental, decorative, theatrical and decorative, miniature. Easel painting includes works that exist regardless of the place of creation. Basically, these are paintings created at easel (that is, on a machine) by the artist. In easel painting, works done with oil paints predominate, but other dyes (tempera, acrylic paints, etc.) can also be used. Paintings are usually painted on canvas stretched over a frame or pasted onto cardboard, on cardboard; in the past, wooden boards were widely used; any flat materials can be used.

Monumental painting is performed directly on the walls and ceilings of buildings and other structures. In the past, painting with water-based paints on wet plaster (fresco) predominated. In Italy, until the beginning of the 16th century, it was practiced to register details in tempera on a dried “clean fresco”. The “pure fresco” technique requires special skill from the artist, so other technologies were also used, for example, not so stable painting on dry plaster - secco; later paintings were done with oil paints that were not very suitable for monumental painting.

Colored images on paper (watercolor, gouache, pastel, etc.) are formally (for example, according to their place in the collection) classified as graphics, but these works are often considered as paintings. All other methods of color images are classified as graphics, including images created using computer technology.

The most common works of art are those executed on flat or almost flat surfaces, such as canvas stretched on a stretcher, wood, linen, treated wall surfaces, etc.

There is also a narrow interpretation of the term painting like works done with oil paints on canvas, cardboard, hardboard and other similar materials.

2.Graphics as an art form

Graphics (Greek γραφικος - writing, from Greekγραφω - writing) - view fine arts, using lines, strokes, spots and dots as the main means of representation. ( Color can also be used, but, unlike painting, here he traditionally plays a supporting role. IN modern graphics color can be no less important than in painting). When working in graphics technology, they usually use no more than one color (except for the main black), in rare cases - two. In addition to the contour line, in graphic art, strokes and spots are widely used, also contrasting with the white (and in other cases also colored, black, or less often textured) surface of the paper - the main basis for graphic works. A combination of the same means can create tonal nuances. The most common distinctive feature of graphics is the special relationship of the depicted object to space, the role of which is largely played by the background of the paper (in the words of the Soviet graphic master V. A. Favorsky, - “white sheet air”). In graphics, in particular, in engravings, a large number of colors can be used (when creating some engravings, more than a dozen printing plates can be used, each of which “adds” its own color).

The heritage of graphic art is diverse. It is marked by the works of such world-famous masters as Albrecht Durer (1471-1528), Hiroshige Ando(1797-1858) and engraver and draftsman Hokusai Katsushika (1760 -1849 ), whose work had a significant influence on late European art XIX- started XX centuries. Many painters made significant contributions to the development of graphics. According to modern museum classification, graphics include watercolor, gouache and other techniques using paper and water-based paints.

Classification

The concept of “graphics”, according to the method of creating an image, includes two large volumes: “printed or circulation graphics” and “unique graphics”. Unique graphics are works created in a single copy (drawing, appliqué, etc.). Printed graphics are works created using original (made by the author-artist) printing forms from which print runs are printed (from 2-3 prints to 500-1000 copies, depending on the technique and task).

Depending on the purpose of the schedule, it is divided into several types:

Easel graphics (easel drawing, print)

Book graphics (illustrations, vignettes, screensavers, initial letters, cover, dust jacket etc.)

Magazine And newspaper graphics

Applied graphics, (poster etc.)

Computer graphics

Industrial graphics