A very strong emotional feeling is hatred. What is hostility and what events can cause it to appear? Psychologists suggest that a person initially has a need for hatred, which he sometimes realizes with pleasure. We will talk about this negative emotion in this article.
Definition of the concept
Hatred is a long-lasting, intense, negative feeling that reflects disgust, hostility, or rejection of a particular object. It can be either an individual person or a group of people, an inanimate object or phenomenon. This emotion can be caused by specific actions of the object or its inherent qualities. You can hate an idea that contradicts the beliefs and values of the subject, a phenomenon that negatively affects his life and interferes with the satisfaction of needs that are important to him. A strong negative feeling can be associated with the experience of joy from any failures of the object of emotions, with the desire for him of all kinds of evil and even the desire to harm him.
Causes
Feelings of hatred can arise over the most insignificant and petty reasons. It was the apparent irrationality of such reasons that prompted psychologists to put forward a version of the original human need for hostility. can be easily suggested from outside. Wars and other types of social and public conflicts are often accompanied by corresponding propaganda that incites anger between people. Hatred towards someone else’s, incomprehensible way of life, customs and values provokes the most serious crimes against a certain group of people or an individual. A hostile attitude can even arise towards oneself if an individual feels that he does not reach the proper level of his aspirations. In each individual case, the reason for the destructive attitude towards the object of hatred should be found, then the conflict that has arisen can be resolved and hostile emotions will subside.
Love and hate
It is generally accepted that these two concepts are completely opposite to each other and are antonyms. However, in various cultures of the world these emotional phenomena are inextricably linked and represent a kind of unity. Love and hatred can be simultaneously combined in a person in relation to the object of his feelings. Freud also spoke about the dual nature of these emotions. The psychoanalyst believed that in close relationships conflicts inevitably arise, generated by various contradictions. Some ethologists argue that the simultaneous expression of hatred and love is associated with mental and physical mechanisms that provide both people and animals with the capacity for deeply personal relationships and a natural tendency towards aggression.
A possible explanation for the close relationship between love and hate lies in the fact that the more an individual has in common with another person, the more closely he is connected with him and the more involved he is in any relationship. Thus, conflict between close people always proceeds with greater rage and passion than between strangers. The lack of common features and interests makes you perceive your opponent more objectively.
Types of hatred
Anything can cause a feeling of overwhelming disgust. Based on the object of hatred, several types of this negative feeling can be distinguished. For example, in addition to adult hatred, scientists also distinguish between childhood hatred. It is usually directed at parents after the appearance of a sister or brother in the family. Psychologists call the occurrence of such an emotion in children “the feeling of Cain.”
Fear and hatred are closely related. A person experiences hostility towards an object that, as it seems to him, is capable of harming him. This manifestation of negative feelings sometimes becomes overwhelming. Scientists identify several types of pathologies:
- Misogamy is an acute aversion to marriage.
- Misandry is a woman's hostility towards men.
- Misogyny is the fear and hatred of men towards women.
- Misopedia is an aversion to children, including our own.
- Misanthropy is hostility towards people in general.
Types of aggression
As mentioned above, hatred gives rise to the desire to harm its object. Evil can be caused in different ways, so psychologists distinguish several types of aggression.
Verbal and physical
Using physical force to express negative emotions is called physical aggression. Hostility expressed in the form of arguing, swearing, verbal accusations and threats is considered verbal.
Indirect and direct
Direct aggression is aimed directly at the object of hatred, indirect - these are actions that act on another person in a roundabout way, through gossip, malicious jokes, as well as disordered outbursts of rage (stomping feet, screaming, and so on).
External and internal
External hostility is directed outward, and internal hostility is directed towards oneself. The latter manifests itself in self-deprecation and the desire to harm oneself.
Reasonable (healthy) and destructive
The boundaries of aggression are sometimes difficult to determine. Some see hostility in energetic behavior. If aggression looks attractive and evokes sympathy, then it can be called healthy or justified.
This section does not list all types of manifestations of hostility. People of this kind are often very inventive.
Social hatred
There is a concept that scientists and psychologists usually call the term “social hatred.” What is this phenomenon? Some believe that it is a feeling of hostility and disgust experienced by a group of people. With hatred it doesn't matter. Others suggest that such a feeling is called social because it is directed at a certain group of people or a specific person as a representative of this community. The objects of hostility can be various socially relevant characteristics - gender, race, nationality, sexual orientation, age. There is a concept called “intolerance” to denote this kind of hatred. There is a narrower understanding of the subject. Social hatred is sometimes called class hostility. At the same time, religious and racial hatred are excluded.
Social hatred is based on differences between groups, and they are given an irresistible importance that inevitably leads to conflict. A different appearance and way of life become the reason for a serious confrontation. Interestingly, the degree of these differences does not matter much. Hatred and anger between related, culturally close, similar groups (states, religious denominations, peoples) are more fierce than between communities that are alien to each other.
Hate crime
In some countries around the world there is a special classification called a hate crime. This concept refers to violations committed under the influence of disgust towards certain groups of the population. Typically, such a classification increases the severity of the offense committed. In Russia, religious, national, and racial intolerance is also an aggravating factor.
In many states, it is also considered a crime to deliberately act to create hatred between groups of people, and that such manifestations of hostile feelings should be punished by law. For example, in Russia, propaganda of aggression towards social groups is a criminal offense.
Conclusion
In this article we have tried to talk about what constitutes hatred. What can such a feeling bring to a person? On the one hand, in reasonable doses, this emotion mobilizes and calls for active action, on the other hand, it destroys its subject from the inside, forcing him to commit meaningless and destructive actions. But we live in a world that is based on the struggle of opposites, in which each phenomenon carries its own special meaning. So hatred goes hand in hand with love, it is based on forcing a person to publicly express accumulated doubts. A reasonable individual must learn to overcome this negative feeling, subordinate it to his will and understand the reasons for its appearance.
Usually people They say: "From love to hate there is one step." But why does a woman who recently considered a man the most beloved and desirable suddenly begin to experience a burning hostility towards him? The reason for this change in relationships is the disappointment that inevitably awaits every person passionately in love.
After all, in love woman idealizes the chosen one and does not notice any of his shortcomings. The stronger the love, the greater the disappointment. A woman sees her lover through rose-colored glasses and considers him the only one that no longer exists in the world. Over time, rose-colored glasses lose their magical “spraying” and a woman’s attitude towards her beloved moves to another level. Whether love will develop into hatred or will continue to strengthen depends on the desire of each partner to preserve the wonderful feeling that existed between them.
Love, to unfortunately, is blind, so it is not surprising that many women fall in love with a goat. In such cases, after some time, love turns into its shameful reverse side - hatred. Hatred is the same strong feeling as love, but only crippled by resentment. Many people believe that hatred is the opposite of love.
Really, if you take into account the rules of Russian grammar, then love and hate are antonyms. But it is believed that love and hatred are human feelings, equal in strength and manifestation, while the opposite of love is indifference. Love and hate are considered two sides of the same coin, which turns into different sides depending on how it is thrown. At each stage of a close relationship between a woman and a man, various problems inevitably arise. In the best case, over time, love is replaced by earthly feelings, such as melancholy, habit, fear of loneliness, economic interests and friendship, and in the worst case, hatred comes.
From character partners and their way of resolving disputes depends on whether it will be “one step from love to hate” or whether it will be a life-long journey. The reason for the change in a man’s attitude towards a woman in many cases is the transformation of his beloved girl after the wedding from Vasilisa the Beautiful into a frog or into a grumpy noblewoman. The wife is no longer satisfied with the new trough; she wants a better life than she has. On this basis, showdowns and harmless fights without rules begin.
Permanent reproaches and scandals sooner or later lead to the fact that a decent husband seeks attention and affection on the side. And his wife begins to hate him fiercely for his betrayal. And then, instead of the expressions: “I can’t live without you, my love,” terrible phrases fly out of women’s mouths: “Where have you been? How I hate you,” “Where did you put the money? That means you won’t eat today!” This is a sign that love is gone, but jealousy remains due to the reluctance to give “your property” to someone. It is in such cases that jealousy without love imperceptibly grows into hatred. Love becomes the cause of the birth of jealousy and its transformation into hatred.
Even though Love and hatred are similar, they are still different. Love is a positive feeling, it brings warmth, but only bad things can be expected from hatred. This feeling is negative, it smells cold from hatred. Love and hate are different, but treacherously close feelings. They go side by side, they can grow from one another, but they never intersect. It is impossible to love and hate at the same time, just as there cannot be a continuation and an end at the same moment.
According to psychologists, there are eight stages common to all in the transition from love to hate:
1. Acquaintance. A man and a woman meet and find a lot in common in each other. The main thing at this stage is eye to eye contact and touch.
2. Enthusiasm. A man falls in love and loses his head. Partners make vows to themselves: “You are mine, I am yours for life.” It seems to them that they are completely identical to each other.
3. addictive. This usually happens after the first years of marriage. A woman expects her partner to make her happy. The man begins to feel rejected. A distance is formed between the partners, they begin to understand that they are different.
4. Vague anxiety. The woman begins to doubt that he loves her. The man believes that he is not understood and is not being given due attention.
5. Disappointment. The partners' perception is characterized by mutual accusations against each other, both experience excruciating pain and stress due to the words: “you are always like this,” “you never loved me,” “you only think about yourself,” and the like.
6. Cooling. Partners get tired of proving to each other that they are actually better than he (she) thinks about him. Communication and mutual interest in each other at this stage is reduced to a minimum.
7. Irritation. The partners agree that they are completely unsuitable for each other. Every word or action of one partner irritates the other. At this stage, people do not separate only if they have children together.
8. Gap. A break is inevitable between partners who become strangers to each other. Sometimes they can live under the same roof and hate each other. But more often than not, partners get divorced.
“From love to hate there is one step,” says popular wisdom. And life demonstrates its justice. Sometimes recent passionate lovers or spouses are ready to kill each other.
Or, conversely, enemies of the opposite sex, by chance suddenly finding themselves in bed, cannot then separate.
This often happens: sincerely loving people begin to make terrible scandals. Up to assault on both sides. Then comes reconciliation, tears, hugs... Until a new quarrel. Which is reflected by two more pieces of wisdom. Namely: “Dear ones scold - they just amuse themselves” and even “He hits - it means he loves.” Misunderstanding? Not at all, argue professor of neurobiology Semir Zeki from University College London and his colleague John Romaya.
In order to understand the phenomenon, scientists recruited volunteers - men and women who had someone to hate. As a rule, former lovers. Or colleagues. Although one woman fell out of this series - she was angry with a famous English politician (not named in the researchers' report). But even this was suitable to complete the picture.
Researchers showed volunteers hateful portraits. And with the help of a tomograph they monitored which areas of the brain became the most active.
Scandalous neighbors in the brain
It turned out, hatred nests in three areas. Scientifically they are called the frontal cortex, the putamen of the lenticular nucleus and the insular cortex (insula). One is believed to think about further actions, the other encourages the body to be active and is responsible for making decisions. The third is associated with memory, premonitions (of trouble or joy) and is usually aroused when a person experiences jealousy. It was these areas that responded to the photo of “these creatures.” And the more active, the stronger the volunteer’s indignation.
The sensation is that researchers have already observed exactly the same pictures. When studied Love. Both the frontal lobes, the putamen, and the insula became aroused in people who experienced romantic feelings. Moreover, similar brain activity accompanied love between parents and children.
Conclusion: Love And hatred they don’t just walk next to each other, but, in fact, live together. And it was as if not even in a communal apartment, but in a common room.
Because of such close proximity, Professor Zeki believes, and Love, And hatred- irrational by nature - capable of pushing both heroic and completely senseless actions.
Research by neuroscientist Mara Diersen from the Barcelona Center for Genomic Regulation finally erases the fine line between the two senses. Both, according to the woman, also “turn off” brain functions in the same way - those responsible for social judgments and evaluation of people. Rage is blind just like Love.
After the discovery of scientists, there is nothing to be surprised at: the brain itself is designed so that one feeling quickly flows into another. Or both would flare up at the same time. For what? There is only a hypothesis here for now. They say that the neighborhood came from evolution. And it was originally intended to reconcile enemies. It can still be used for the same purpose.
AND AT THIS TIME
Woman, I don't understand you
Men's speech is more understandable to the brain than women's. British scientists from the University of Sheffield came to this conclusion. And not because the stronger sex speaks more intelligently. It's a matter of timbre.
Women's voices are more melodic and, as a rule, sound higher than men's. The reproduced frequencies are wider. As a result, the brain has to attract more forces to “decipher” and use additional resources. Why is perception difficult? It can be difficult to understand what a woman is talking about the first time. Especially men.
PARADOXES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Torment and pleasure
Pain and sex also go hand in hand, says Dr. Melinda Gallagher from the University of New Jersey (USA). - Activate areas in the same part of the brain. It’s not for nothing that there are enough sadomaso lovers in the world.
Scientists have proven “neighborhood” without even torturing anyone. They simply gave the women a certain spray to smell, in which the so-called melanocyte-stimulating hormones were mixed. Their role in pain perception processes was previously known. And in experiments they caused excitement in the genitals and an irresistible desire to have sex. Some test subjects even had an orgasm without sex.
Researchers believe that the hormones caused a virtual sadomasotic effect only in the brain.
Romance and lust
Surprisingly far
feelings that are barely distinguishable in our minds - romantic and lustful - live together from each other. They affect different parts of the brain.
- Love"is patterned closer to hunger, thirst or the need for drugs," says Dr. Helen Fisher, an anthropologist at Rutgers University. - And the brain responds to lust as to some kind of joyful event.
Store suffering
People use different parts of their heads in the store. When they make a decision to buy something or not to buy it. As Brian Knutson from Stanford University (California, USA) discovered, one part of the cortex is first excited - the nucleus accumbens. It reflects the anticipated pleasure from a possible acquisition. Then the insula turns on - the same island that is responsible for making decisions in love. But in the store he begins to play the role of that very “toad” that “strangles”. The fate of the purchase depends on the unequal struggle between the two departments.
Instructions
In psychology there is a special term for those who manage to love and hate at the same time: ambivalent feelings. These are dual experiences in relation to someone, when fear and pity, love and hatred, disgust and attraction are combined into one complex “cocktail of emotions.”
Ambivalent feelings may be temporary. In situations of stress or uncertainty in any area of life, anxiety levels increase. This quality makes a person “stuck” in his choice even over small things. At such moments, it can be difficult not only to decide on your feelings for a particular person, but also to choose yogurt in the store. Adequate rest and analysis of problems that lead to background anxiety help get rid of this scourge.
Love and hate can occur periodically from partner to partner. In this case, it can be assumed that the person has conflicting ideas about the ideal soul mate. For some people, the mixture of love and hatred invigorates and gives them a thrill. Therefore, they like, for example, to find “bad guys” and try to turn them into good ones. Complex interactions, conflicts and reconciliations give special meaning to such unusual love. In addition to reasons for pleasant emotions, reasons for hatred are also provoked. But if you want to get rid of such passions, you need to decide on a list of mandatory qualities in your future partner, understand which of them are mutually exclusive, and make a choice towards those “poles” that are more important.
Some people always have ambivalence of feelings. It can manifest itself not only in a mixture of love and hatred towards a significant other, parents or child. But also in relation to inanimate objects and situations. In this case, it makes sense to get checked for neurosis. The fact is that the constantly existing duality of experiences is sometimes characteristic of neurotics, and this is a minor mental disorder that is worth getting rid of. Otherwise, it can lead to serious consequences for human health. But there is no need to rush to diagnose yourself: the constantly existing duality of emotions is not always a sign of psychological distress.
The contradictory ideals of a loved one can lead to a chronic combination of love and hatred for the other half. Sigmund Freud divided ideals into primary and secondary fixations. He called a fixation a list of mandatory qualities of an ideal lover. He was able to prove that a person has two stages in development when he becomes especially sensitive to the formation of ideals. The first stage covers the age from 3 to 5 years, usually the parent of the opposite sex becomes the standard of the beloved during this period. The list of qualities of this person forms a “primary fixation.” The second stage, when secondary fixation is created, occurs in adolescence. Usually the person from whom the image of ideal number two is “modeled” is first love. Most often, both ideals duplicate each other both externally and in psychological qualities. If this does not happen and duality of ideals arises, it is considered a normal manifestation of the psyche, but leads to the fact that love without a certain amount of hatred almost never arises in a person’s life.
