Unemployment— lack of employment for a certain, larger or smaller part of the economically active population, capable and willing to work.
In accordance with the provisions of the ILO, an unemployed person is recognized as a person who does not have an occupation that generates income, is ready to work and is looking for work.
In the Russian Federation, the status of the unemployed is defined more strictly. According to the law on employment in the Russian Federation, able-bodied citizens who have no work or income, are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for work and are ready to start work are recognized as unemployed. In addition, the law determines that citizens under 16 years of age and age pensioners cannot be recognized as unemployed.
State guarantees social support unemployed:
— free career guidance, vocational training, pre-training and advanced training as directed by the employment service. Do you want to see the luxurious body of the best escort in Irkutsk? Go to our website in the Individuals section and look for her.
- free medical care and examination
— the opportunity to participate in paid public works
- reimbursement of costs in connection with assignment to work (training) in another locality at the suggestion of the state employment service
— providing social support in the form of unemployment benefits, scholarships (if sent for training), lump sum payments and other types of material assistance (subsidies for housing, utilities, transport, children preschool institutions etc.)
Unemployment benefits are paid to citizens recognized as unemployed in accordance with the established procedure. The amounts of unemployment benefits are differentiated depending on the categories of citizens.
1. Unemployment benefits for citizens dismissed for any reason during the 12 months preceding the start of unemployment, who had paid work for at least 26 years during this period calendar weeks on a full-time (full-time) basis or on a part-time (part-time) basis, recalculated to 26 calendar weeks with a full-time (full-time) workday, and recognized as unemployed in the prescribed manner, is accrued:
in the first (12-month) payment period:
in the first three months of unemployment - in the amount of 75% of their average monthly earnings calculated over the last three months at the last place of work (service);
in the next four months - in the amount of 60%;
in the future - in the amount of 45%, but in all cases not higher than the maximum amount of unemployment benefits (4900 rubles for 2010) and not lower than the minimum amount of unemployment benefits (850 rubles for 2010), increased by the size of the regional coefficient;
2. Unemployment benefits in all other cases are set at 20% of the amount living wage by constituent entity of the Russian Federation, but not below the minimum wage.
The duration of benefit payment in each period of unemployment cannot exceed 12 months in total for 18 calendar months, with the exception of persons of pre-retirement age, for whom the period of benefit payment under certain conditions can reach 24 calendar months.
During vocational training, retraining and advanced training, as directed by the employment service, a stipend is paid.
Unemployed citizens who have lost the right to unemployment benefits due to the expiration of the established period for its payment, as well as citizens during the period of professional training, retraining and advanced training in the direction of the employment service, may be provided with financial assistance by the employment service.
Unemployed citizens registered in order to find a suitable job, in the absence of one, may be offered, if they wish, participation in paid public work. Citizens' participation in public works is permitted only with their consent.
System of social support measures and benefits for unemployed citizens established by the Law of the Russian Federation of April 19, 1991 N 1032-1 “On employment in Russian Federation" (hereinafter referred to as Law N 1032-1) and includes:
- Unemployment benefits, including during the period of temporary incapacity for work of the unemployed.
- Additional benefits for unemployed people exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl disaster and registered in the prescribed manner.
- A scholarship for unemployed citizens during the period of undergoing vocational training and receiving additional vocational education in the direction of the employment service, including during periods of temporary disability.
- A one-time subsidy for unemployed citizens to create their own business.
- Compensation payments to the unemployed related to the costs of registering a business.
- Opportunity to participate in paid community work.
- Early appointment pensions.
- Social financial assistance.
According to paragraph 1 of Article 3 of Law N 1032-1 “Unemployed are considered able-bodied citizens who do not have a job or income, are registered with the employment service in order to find suitable work, are looking for work and are ready to start work.”
The procedure for registering unemployed citizens, the procedure for registering citizens in order to find a suitable job and the requirements for selecting suitable work are established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 7, 2012 N 891 “On the procedure for registering citizens in order to find a suitable job, registering unemployed citizens and requirements for selecting a suitable work."
In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 28 of Law N 1032-1, the time during which a citizen, in accordance with the legislative procedure, receives unemployment benefits, a scholarship, takes part in paid public works, as well as the time required to move or resettle in the direction of the employment service authorities to another locality for employment, as well as a period of temporary disability, maternity leave, conscription for military training, involvement in events related to preparation for military service, performing public duties, do not interrupt his work experience.
For the purpose of professional reorientation of the unemployed, the employment service authorities organize vocational training and additional vocational education with the payment of a scholarship in the amount calculated in accordance with Article 29 of Law No. 1032-1.
As part of the implementation regional programs to promote the development of entrepreneurship and self-employment, the unemployed also have the right to receive a one-time subsidy to create their own business on a competitive basis.
At the regional level, measures of additional social material assistance to the unemployed are provided. For example, in Moscow, unemployed citizens who have lost the right to unemployment benefits due to the expiration of the established period for its payment are provided with material support in the form of payment of financial assistance in the event of temporary disability, and during the period of unemployment, an unemployed citizen in the event of the death of a family member of the unemployed or one from the family members of the unemployed, in the event of the death of the unemployed person, one-time financial assistance is provided in the form of cash payments.
- Social support measures and benefits for former minor prisoners of fascism
- Social support measures for citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the Chernobyl disaster
- Social support measures for citizens exposed to radiation as a result of the Mayak accident
- Social support measures for citizens affected by nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site
- Social support measures for citizens from special risk units
Added: 08/08/2015
By Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 15, 2014 No. 298 is being implemented government program“Promoting employment of the population.”
The implementation period of this Program is 2013-2020. The expected results of the implementation of the program in the field of reducing unemployment and promoting employment are:
Creating conditions for the formation of a flexible, efficiently functioning labor market;
Preventing the growth of tension in the labor market by minimizing the levels of general and registered unemployment;
Creation annually, from 2013 to 2015, of up to 14.2 thousand special jobs for people with disabilities;
Creating a basis for bringing the content and structure of vocational education in line with the needs of the labor market by approving at least 800 professional standards by 2015.
For the implementation of subprogram 1 “Active employment policy and social support for unemployed citizens,” budgetary allocations in the amount of 350.2 billion rubles were allocated from the federal budget. The distribution of allocations during the implementation of the subprogram is as follows (Fig. 1.1).
Rice. 1.1 - Distribution of budget allocations for the implementation of the subprogram “Active employment policy and social support for unemployed citizens” in 2013-2020, billion rubles.
The implementation of the subprogram “Active employment policy and social support for unemployed citizens” involves the following activities (Table 1.1).
Table 1
Main activities of the state subprogram “Active employment policy and social support for unemployed citizens”
All citizens of the Russian Federation who apply to the employment service are guaranteed:
1. Free choice of type of activity, profession, specialty, type and nature of work.
2. Free information about the state of the labor market.
3. Free assistance in selecting a suitable job and employment, protection against unemployment.
Those who have received unemployed status are also guaranteed:
1. Free vocational guidance and psychological support services.
2. Free medical examination upon referral to training by the employment service.
3. Free receipt of services for professional training, retraining and advanced training
4. Payment of unemployment benefits or scholarships during the period of study (including during temporary disability). Its size depends on the reason for retraining, the reason for dismissal from the last place of work, the length of the insurance period and other factors.
The main form of material support for the unemployed is unemployment benefits - monthly payments from the federal budget for social support of the unemployed. Its size depends on the category of the unemployed, the length of service, the reason for dismissal from the last place of work, previous earnings, and the period of unemployment. The benefit may be assigned as a percentage of earnings or as a multiple of the minimum unemployment benefit.
The amount of benefits for citizens dismissed from organizations, with the exception of those dismissed for violation of labor discipline, other guilty actions or at their own request without good reason, if they have at least 26 weeks of paid work on a full-time basis during the 12 months preceding the start of unemployment amount benefits are accrued in the first 12-month period of unemployment: the first 3 months 75%, the next 4 months 60%. In the future, 45% of average earnings, but not lower than the minimum and not higher than the maximum benefit amount 1.
In the second 12-month period - in the amount of the minimum benefit amount.
The amount of unemployment benefits for first-time job seekers, orphans, and children without parental care in the first 6-month period is 100% of the average earnings in the region, in the second 6-month period in the amount of the minimum benefit amount.
Citizens dismissed at their own request without good reason in the first 6 months benefits - in the amount 1.5 times the magnitude minimum benefit. In the second 6-month period – the minimum benefit amount.
Citizens exposed to radiation are paid additional benefit, the size of which depends on the degree of radioactive contamination of the area and the time of exposure.
Conditions for payment of unemployment benefits:1. Recognition as unemployed.
2. The decision to assign benefits is made simultaneously with the recognition of the citizen as unemployed.
Those dismissed under clauses 1, 2, part 1, art. 81 of the Labor Code, benefits are paid after the expiration of the period during which they retain the average earnings at their last place of work.
The duration of benefit payment in each period cannot exceed 6 or 12 months, and the maximum duration is 12 and 24 months.
Scholarships can be paid as a percentage of earnings or as a stipend. educational institution, but not lower than the unemployment benefit established for the unemployed.
A scholarship in the amount of 75% of earnings is established for those unemployed who had paid work for at least 26 calendar weeks on a full-time basis during the 12 months preceding the start of training, except for those dismissed at their own request without good reason and those dismissed for guilty acts.
A scholarship in the amount of 100% of earnings is established for those who:
1. Lost his ability to work as a result of an accident at work or an occupational disease.
2. Employees dismissed on the basis of clauses 1-2 of Art. 81 Labor Code from among orphans, children without parental care.
Trade union workers dismissed due to the expiration of their elected term (Article 375 of the Labor Code) 2.
The rest of the unemployed are paid a stipend in the amount of the educational institution's stipend. In addition, an increased stipend is paid to workers exposed to radiation. The size of the increase depends on the degree of radioactivity in the area, the time and duration of exposure.
In addition, the unemployed take part in paid public works (Article 243 of the Law “On Employment”). Public works are organized by the executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local governments at the suggestion of the employment service.
Public works are understood as activities that have a socially useful orientation for social support of the unemployed and citizens looking for work.
Public works do not include activities related to the need for urgent liquidation of accidents, catastrophes and other emergencies, as well as other work that requires special training, as well as qualified, responsible actions in the shortest possible time.
Citizens registered with the employment service and unemployed citizens have the right to participate in public works. Participation in public works is allowed only with the consent of citizens. A fixed-term employment contract is concluded with them with the right to terminate it early when taking a permanent or temporary job. Those participating in public works retain their unemployed status and receive earnings in addition to benefits.
Compensation for costs associated with being sent to work or training in another area is carried out in accordance with Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 2, 2007 No. 422. Expenses based on the documents provided are reimbursed by the employment center at the new place of residence after being hired or accepted for training.
1. Payment of unemployment benefits. Its size depends on the period of unemployment and other factors.
2. Preferential accrual of length of service – art. 283.
3. Early assignment of an old-age pension at the suggestion of the employment service and with the consent of the unemployed. The conditions for obtaining an old-age pension early are provided for by resolutions of the Ministry of Labor No. 48:
· Recognition of a citizen as unemployed
· Lack of employment opportunities
· The citizen has work experience that gives the right to a full old-age pension (men 25 years old, women 20 years), including length of service that gives the right to preferential early pension provision.
· The unemployed citizen reaches a certain age, but not earlier than 2 years before the corresponding retirement age.
· Dismissal of a citizen from his last place of work under clauses 1, 2, part 1 of Art. 81 TK.
·Consent of the unemployed 3.
Upon admission to work or resumption of work, the payment of a pension assigned ahead of schedule is terminated.
Financial support for the unemployed is also provided to women during pregnancy leave under the following conditions:
· Dismissed under clause 1 of Art. 81;
· Recognized as unemployed for 12 months. from the date of dismissal;
· Maternity leave is provided for 12 months. from the date of dismissal.
Special social support measures are provided to citizens experiencing difficulties in finding work in accordance with Art. 5 Federal Law “On Employment”. These include disabled people, persons released from prison, minors aged 14 to 18 years, people of pre-retirement age, refugees, internally displaced persons, discharged from military service and members of their families, single parents and families with many children, citizens exposed to radiation , vocational school graduates aged 18 to 20 years old looking for work for the first time.
Measures to support these citizens:
1. Creation of special units in the employment service system for retraining military personnel, cultural workers, and disabled people.
2. Job quotas, i.e. establishing a quota or minimum number of persons to be employed by a given employer.
3. Creation of special jobs within the quota, specialized enterprises for people with disabilities.
4. Training according to special programs.
5. Presentation of the opportunity, in priority order, to undergo professional training, retraining, and advanced training
6. Providing a preferential right to participate in paid public works.
7. Material support during the period of temporary employment and participation in paid public works 4.
Thus, the main measures of material support for unemployed citizens in the Russian Federation are the payment of unemployment benefits, as well as scholarships, in the case of training an unemployed person in the direction of the Federal Employment Service. All material costs to support the unemployed are financed from the federal budget. In addition to material support measures for the unemployed federal service Employment also provides employment assistance to citizens experiencing difficulties in finding work, pregnant women, etc. All this indicates that modern stage The Russian Federation has created a developed system of social support for unemployed citizens.
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Failure of an unemployed person to fulfill the duties assigned to him entails penalties provided for by the Employment Law. These measures of liability can be either traditional, civil law (collection in judicial procedure unfairly received unemployment benefits), and specific, inherent only to this legal institution. Such specific measures include suspension of unemployment benefit payments for up to three months, reduction of its amount by 25% for up to one month, and, as the most severe penalty, deprivation of unemployed status with simultaneous termination of unemployment benefits.
In accordance with Art. 11 of the Employment Law, citizens have the right to appeal decisions, actions or inactions of employment service bodies and their officials to a higher employment service body, as well as to court in the manner established by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Guarantees of social support
Types of social support
In accordance with Art. 28 of the Law on Employment, the state provides unemployed citizens the following types social support:
Payment of unemployment benefits, including during the period of temporary incapacity for work of the unemployed;
Payment of a stipend during the period of professional training, advanced training, retraining as directed by the employment service authorities, including during periods of temporary incapacity for work;
Opportunity to participate in paid public works;
Reimbursement of expenses in connection with voluntary relocation to another area for employment at the suggestion of the employment service authorities.
If a citizen is registered as unemployed, then the periods of time during which he, in accordance with the procedure established by law, receives unemployment benefits, a scholarship, takes part in paid public works, do not interrupt his work experience and is counted in his total work experience. Similarly, the periods of time required to move on the direction of the employment service to another locality for the purpose of employment are taken into account, as well as periods of temporary disability, maternity leave, conscription for military training, involvement in activities related to preparation for military service, with performance of government duties.
The Employment Law does not include material assistance to the unemployed as a guarantee of social support, namely in Art. 28 “Guarantees of social support for the unemployed” says nothing about it. This is probably due to the fact that the provision of material and other assistance to the unemployed is carried out at the discretion of the employment service, this is not a mandatory payment.
Unemployment benefits
Unemployment benefit is state-guaranteed material support for the unemployed in the form of periodic payments. Unemployment benefits are paid from the federal budget.
The decision to grant unemployment benefits is made by the employment service authorities simultaneously with the decision to recognize a citizen as unemployed on the basis of his personal application.
The procedure for determining the amount of unemployment benefits is regulated by Art. 30 of the Law on Employment.
Benefits for unemployed citizens dismissed for any reason are established as a percentage of average earnings calculated over the last three months at their last place of work, if during the twelve months preceding the start of unemployment they had paid work for at least 26 calendar weeks on a full-time basis day (week) or on a part-time basis (week), recalculating 26 calendar weeks with a full working day (week).
Percentages to average earnings are determined according to the rules established by Art. 33 of the Law on Employment, and are:
In the first three months of unemployment - in the amount of 75 percent of their average monthly earnings (salary), calculated over the last three months at the last place of work (service);
In the next four months - in the amount of 60 percent;
In the future - in the amount of 45 percent, but in all cases not higher than the subsistence level calculated in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the prescribed manner, and not lower than 20 percent of the specified subsistence level. At the same time, the amount of unemployment benefits should not be less than 100 rubles.
For all other citizens registered as unemployed, the amount of unemployment benefit is set at 20 percent of the subsistence minimum calculated in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the prescribed manner, but not less than 100 rubles. For citizens living in the regions of the Far North and equivalent areas, as well as in areas and areas where regional coefficients are applied to wages for living in difficult natural and climatic conditions, unemployment benefits, set at no more than 100 rubles, are increased by the value of the regional coefficient.
According to this rule, the amount of unemployment benefits is determined, in particular, for such categories of citizens who: are looking for work for the first time (those who have not previously worked), do not have a profession (specialty), are seeking to resume labor activity after a long (more than one year) break; were dismissed from organizations during the 12 months preceding the onset of unemployment, and had less than 26 calendar weeks of paid work during this period.
The law provides for an increase in the amount of unemployment benefits for the following categories of unemployed citizens:
The first category includes citizens who support other persons. In this case, the amount of unemployment benefits increases by 10 percent of the subsistence minimum calculated in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the prescribed manner, but not less than 50 rubles for each of these persons. At the same time maximum size additional payments cannot exceed 30 percent of the subsistence minimum calculated in the constituent entity of the Russian Federation in the prescribed manner. If both parents are unemployed, an increase in the amount of benefits for persons supported by them is made to each of the parents.
The number of persons supported by an unemployed person may include children, father, mother, spouse, brothers, sisters, grandchildren who do not have able-bodied parents, grandparents in the absence of persons who are legally required to support them. At the same time, the family members listed above can be considered dependent on a citizen if they are fully supported by him or receive assistance from him, which is a constant and main source of livelihood for them.
Children are considered dependent on both parents, regardless of how much wages each of them receives. This means that the child supplement is assigned to the benefit of any of the parents recognized as unemployed, even if his earnings were less than that of the spouse who continues to work.
The second category includes citizens living in the regions of the Far North and equivalent areas, as well as in areas and areas where regional coefficients are applied to wages for living in difficult natural and climatic conditions. In these cases, the amount of the benefit is established taking into account the regional coefficient in force in the given area. At the same time, citizens who were dismissed from organizations during the 12 months preceding the start of unemployment, and who had paid work during this period for at least 26 calendar weeks on a full-time (week) or part-time (week) basis, recalculated to 26 calendar weeks weeks with full-time work (week), the average wage for calculating unemployment benefits is calculated taking into account the regional coefficient and a percentage increase in wages for work experience in such areas and localities.
Unemployment is the lack of employment for a certain, larger or smaller part of the economically active population capable and willing to work.
In accordance with the provisions of the ILO, an unemployed person is recognized as a person who does not have an occupation that generates income, is ready to work and is looking for work.
In the Russian Federation, the status of the unemployed is defined more strictly. According to the law on employment in the Russian Federation, able-bodied citizens who have no work or income, are registered with the employment service in order to find a suitable job, are looking for work and are ready to start work are recognized as unemployed. In addition, the law determines that citizens under 16 years of age and age pensioners cannot be recognized as unemployed.
State guarantees of social support for the unemployed:
Free career guidance, vocational training, pre-training and advanced training as directed by the employment service.
Free medical care and examination
Opportunity to participate in paid community work
Reimbursement of expenses in connection with assignment to work (training) in another locality at the suggestion of the state employment service
Providing social support in the form of unemployment benefits, scholarships (if sent to study), one-time payments and other types of material assistance (subsidies for housing, utilities, transport, preschool institutions, etc.)
Unemployment benefits are paid to citizens recognized as unemployed in accordance with the established procedure. The amounts of unemployment benefits are differentiated depending on the categories of citizens.
1. Unemployment benefits for citizens dismissed for any reason during the 12 months preceding the start of unemployment, who during this period had paid work for at least 26 calendar weeks on a full-time (full-time) or part-time (part-time) basis weeks) recalculated to 26 calendar weeks with a full working day (full working week), and recognized as unemployed in the prescribed manner, is accrued:
in the first (12-month) payment period:
In the first three months of unemployment - in the amount of 75% of their average monthly earnings calculated over the last three months at the last place of work (service);
In the next four months - in the amount of 60%;
In the future - in the amount of 45%, but in all cases not higher than the maximum amount of unemployment benefits (4900 rubles for 2010) and not lower than the minimum amount of unemployment benefits (850 rubles for 2010), increased by the size of the regional coefficient;
2. Unemployment benefits in all other cases are set at 20% of the subsistence level in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, but not lower than the minimum wage.
The duration of benefit payment in each period of unemployment cannot exceed 12 months in total for 18 calendar months, with the exception of persons of pre-retirement age, for whom the period of benefit payment under certain conditions can reach 24 calendar months.
During the period of professional training, retraining and advanced training, a stipend is paid at the direction of the employment service authorities.
Unemployed citizens who have lost the right to unemployment benefits due to the expiration of the established period for its payment, as well as citizens during the period of professional training, retraining and advanced training in the direction of the employment service, may be provided with financial assistance by the employment service.
Unemployed citizens registered in order to find a suitable job, in the absence of one, may be offered, if they wish, participation in paid public work. Citizens' participation in public works is permitted only with their consent.
