The need to change the practice of obstetric institutions in accordance with modern principles successful breastfeeding was formulated in the Innocenti Declaration "Protection, promotion and support of breastfeeding" (1990), adopted by the heads of more than 30 states. In order to consolidate the provisions of the Innocenti Declaration, in 1991 WHO and UNICEF proclaimed the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. Work on the Breastfeeding-friendly Obstetric Hospital Initiative and the promotion of exclusive breastfeeding (feeding only breast milk with no other food or drink other than medicines, vitamins and mineral supplements for medical reasons) is currently more than than in 22,000 hospitals in 157 countries. In 36 industrialized countries, 37% of births take place in infant-friendly health facilities.
In order to qualify as a "Baby Friendly Hospital", every facility providing maternity and newborn care services is committed to implementing the "Ten Principles for Successful Breastfeeding". These include activities to train medical personnel, educate pregnant women, ensure conditions for early initiation of breastfeeding, coexistence of mother and child, feeding on demand, exclusive breastfeeding, avoiding the use of pacifiers and nipples, bottle feeding, follow-up support for lactating mothers after discharge from the maternity hospital.
C. Vallenas, F. Savage (WHO, 1998) prepared a special review of the available scientific evidence for the effectiveness of the Ten Principles. Recent research findings on this issue are also presented in the WHO update on the implementation of the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (2009). Considering that in developed countries the main proportion of infant mortality occurs in the first week and month of life, early attachment to the breast (in the first hour after birth) and exclusive breastfeeding from birth are one of the factors in reducing infant mortality.
The introduction of new principles for the protection and support of breastfeeding has a positive impact on the mother's decision to breastfeed her baby and contributes to an increase in the prevalence of breastfeeding, including exclusive breastfeeding in the first 6 months of life. For example, in Sweden, during the period from 1993 to 1997, when all maternity hospitals in the country were involved in the Initiative and received the title of "Baby Friendly Hospital", the level of breastfeeding increased among children of 6 months. from 50% to 73%. According to the WHO, the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding has increased by 20% or more over the past 10 years in a number of countries, which is an outstanding success. However, the observed progress is not uniform, and globally the proportion of exclusive breastfeeding remains unchanged. Globally, only 34.6% of children infancy up to 6 months are exclusively breastfed. This figure varies from 43.2% for the South East Asia region to 17.7% in the European region.
The special role of the health sector and the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative in breastfeeding protection and support was confirmed in the resolutions of the 63rd and 65th sessions of the World Health Assembly (WHA, 2010, 2012).
International Breastfeeding Week, held annually from August 1-7 by the International Breastfeeding Action Alliance (WABA) with the support of WHO and UNICEF, in 2010 was dedicated to the Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative. Week 2010 was held under the slogan "Breastfeeding: Only 10 steps - the path of a friendly attitude towards the child."
Increasing the level of breastfeeding, the introduction of modern organizational technologies to encourage, support and protect breastfeeding in the work of obstetric services and children's medical institutions is one of the main tasks of the "National Program for Optimizing the Feeding of Children in the First Year of Life in Russian Federation”, adopted by the Union of Pediatricians of Russia and the National Association of Dietitians and Nutritionists (2009).
As of March 1, 2013, 288 obstetric facilities in 51 constituent entities of the Russian Federation have been awarded the international title of "Baby Friendly Hospital" by WHO and UNICEF. These institutions account for about 21% of all deliveries received annually in Russia. Currently, antenatal clinics and children's polyclinics also participate in the Initiative, of which 153 and 197 institutions have been certified, respectively. Work has begun on introducing the principles of the Initiative into the practice of children's hospitals - departments of pathology of newborns and premature babies. In 2010, the first such department was certified in the Tambov Regional Children's Clinical Hospital, in 2011 - in the Tula Children's Regional Clinical Hospital, and in 2013 - the neonatal pathology department of the Taimyr Central District Hospital, Dudinka, Krasnoyarsk Territory. In 2012, the first perinatal centers were certified in the cities. Krasnodar and Tomsk. During the implementation of the Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative, breastfeeding rates have increased in territories that are actively implementing new organizational principles for the protection and support of breastfeeding by 1.5-2.5 times. These are the Republics of Bashkiria, Kalmykia and Komi, Volgograd region. In 1999, the level of breastfeeding among children 6-12 months. amounted to 32.9% in these territories; 56.7%; 25.0% and 49.4%, and in 2011 - 80.2%; 76.5%; 68.0% and 71.2% respectively. In general, in the Russian Federation, there has been a trend towards improvement in breastfeeding rates: over the past ten years, the proportion of children who received mother's milk at the age of 6-12 months has increased from 27.6% in 1999 to 40.7% in 2011.
Article from detailed description types of complementary foods, tables, timing and examples was created to help new parents to put their baby on a balanced diet and develop healthy habits at an early age.
Children from birth and before 6 months don't need complementary foods. The perfect natural food for babies- This mother's breast milk, with which he receives the necessary nutrients, vitamins, minerals and antibodies. If the mother does not have or not enough milk, then to kid you need to introduce complementary foods in the form artificial mixtures. But now this is no longer a problem, since the manufacturers of most artificial mixtures have brought the product to the proper level, which is able to fully replace breast milk. In this article, we will not touch on the psychological and tactile connection between the child and, about all sorts of pros and cons between breastfeeding and artificial mixtures, since this topic is quite sensitive, capacious and requires independent disclosure in another article. And no matter what type of baby feeding the mother chooses - breastfeeding or artificial formulas, baby's main food must start no earlier than 6 months according to WHO recommendations(World Health Organization) and UNICEF(United Nations Children's Fund), unless otherwise provided by medical recommendations for the condition health child. Early feeding(earlier than 6 months) is administered on the recommendation of a pediatrician according to medical indications, therefore it is also called pediatric.
The main principles of complementary feeding of children according to UNICEF:
- From birth to 6 months, breastfeed, and from 6 months of age, introduce complementary foods while continuing to breastfeed.
- Continue frequent breastfeeding on demand for up to 2 years or longer.
- Feed your child according to his needs and according to the principles of psychosocial care.
- Maintain proper hygiene and adhere to food storage and handling practices.
- From 6 months of age, start giving your baby small amounts of complementary foods, and increase portions as your baby gets older, while continuing to breastfeed frequently.
- As your child grows, gradually increase the consistency and variety of food based on their needs and abilities.
- Increase the daily number of meals during which he consumes complementary foods as he grows older.
- Give your child varied and nutritious food.
- If necessary, give your child complementary foods enriched with nutritional supplements with vitamins and minerals.
- Give your baby plenty of fluids during illness, including breastfeeding more often, and encouraging him to eat light foods that he enjoys. After an illness, feed your baby more often than usual and encourage him to eat more.
Starting from the age of 6 months, the need of the child's body for nutrients is no longer satisfied only by mother's milk and it is necessary to gradually introduce lure. At this age, babies begin to show interest in adult food. Complementary foods should be introduced with small amounts of foods new to the baby and gradually increased as the baby gets older.
The child is accustomed to new food gradually, starting with very small portions (see table below). The new type of baby food is nutritional supplements And lure.
Nutritional supplements:
- fruit and berry juices;
- fruit and berry purees;
- egg yolk or quail;
- cottage cheese
Nutritional supplements should be introduced gradually and after the main feeding or between feedings. But this rule does not apply to egg yolk, it is recommended to give it at the beginning of feeding.
Lure It is a qualitatively new type of nutrition that satisfies the needs of a growing child's body in all food ingredients and accustoms to thick food. It includes:
- vegetable purees;
- cereals;
- dairy products (kefir, yogurt, biolact...)
Rules for the introduction of complementary foods:
- Complementary foods should be given before breastfeeding
- Each type of complementary food should be introduced gradually, starting with a small amount (10-15 g) and increasing it to the desired volume within 7-10 days, completely replacing one breastfeeding.
- It is impossible to introduce two or more new dishes at the same time. You can switch to a new type of food only when the child gets used to the previous one.
- Complementary foods should be homogeneous in consistency and not cause difficulty in swallowing.
- Complementary foods should be given only from a spoon.
- The number of feedings with the introduction of complementary foods is reduced to 5 times, then to 3 main and 2 snacks at the request of the child.
- The temperature of the dish should be equal to the temperature of the received mother's milk (approximately 37 C).
Against the background of the introduction of nutritional supplements and complementary foods, strict monitoring of the child's health is necessary.
Scheme for the introduction of food additives
Fruit and berry juice(introduced from 7-8 months)
Juice should start with drops. Within 7-10 days, bring to the required daily volume, calculated by the formula n x 10, where n is the number of months, but not more than 100 ml in the second half of the year. Example: a child of 7 months x 10 = 70 ml. Give after feeding or between feedings. It is advisable to use freshly prepared juices (must be diluted with water in a ratio of 1: 1), but juices in bags specially designed for baby food. The sequence of introduction of juices from berries, fruits and vegetables: apple, plum, apricot, peach, cherry, blackcurrant, pomegranate, cranberry, lemon, carrot, beet, cabbage. Citrus, tomato, raspberry, strawberry juices, juices from tropical fruits (mango, papaya, guava ...) - these juices should be given no earlier than 11-12 months. Grape juice is not recommended to include in the diet of a child at such an early age, as it can cause bloating.
Fruit and berry puree(introduced from 7 months)
Puree should start with 0.5 teaspoon. Within 7-10 days, bring to the required daily volume, calculated by the formula n x 10, where n is the number of months, but not more than 100 ml in the second half of the year. The calculation is carried out in the same way as for juices (see above). Give after feeding or between feedings. Both freshly prepared purees and fruit and berry preserves for baby food are used.
Yolk(introduced at 8-9 months)
You need to start with 1/4 of the yolk. You can give daily until the end of the year, 1/2 yolk at the beginning of feeding, after rubbing it with milk or with a complementary food dish.
Cottage cheese(introduced at 9-10 months)
Start with 5 grams (1 teaspoon). Gradually, within a month, bring up to 20 grams. By the end of the first year - 50-70 g. You need to give cottage cheese at the end of feeding.
Scheme for the introduction of complementary foods
I complementary foods - Vegetable puree (or porridge). Start at 6 months.
It is administered as a 5% concentration.
1 Week- increase in volume to 130-150 ml with the simultaneous exclusion of one breastfeeding;
2 weeks- concentration thickening up to 8-10%;
3 week- getting used to one kind of vegetables;
4 week- variety (introduction of new vegetables).
Remains 4 breastfeeding(probably!)
II complementary foods -Porridge (or vegetable puree). Start a week after the first feeding.
Immediately administered as a 10% concentration in 2-3 days. We start with gluten-free dairy-free unsweetened cereals (buckwheat, rice, corn). With the introduction of second complementary foods, another breastfeeding is forced out. 3 breastfeeds left (approximately!)
Extension II complementary foods - meat puree. Start one week after the second feeding. It is added to vegetable puree, it starts with 5 g, by 7 months it is brought to 30 g, then - to 50 g, by the end of the year - up to 60-80 g. There are 3 breastfeedings left (approximately!)
III complementary foods - kefir (fermented milk products). Start at 8 months. The third breastfeeding is forced out. 2 breastfeeds left (approximately!)
Instead of breast milk for children on artificial or mixed feeding, substitutes for women's milk (mixtures) are used.
Note:
- To maintain lactation after feeding, it is advisable to offer the child a breast.
- Under the condition of good health, optimal indicators of physical and neuropsychic development, stable and sufficient lactation in the mother, her quality nutrition, the first complementary foods can be introduced no earlier than 6 months.
- When preparing complementary foods (dairy-free cereals, mashed potatoes), the optimal liquid for their dilution is breast milk or an adapted milk formula.
| Products/Age | 6 months | 7 months | 8 months | 9 months | 10-12 months |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fruit juice (ml) | - | 10-20...70 | 80 | 90 | 100 (from the year you can not dilute) |
| Fruit puree (g) | - | 10-20...50 | 60 | 80 | 80-100 |
| Curd (g) | - | - | - | 5-10 | 50-70 |
| Yolk (pcs) | - | 1/4 | 1/2 | 1/2 | 1/2-1 |
| Vegetable puree (g) | 50...150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150-180 |
| Porridge (g) | 50...150 | 150 | 150 | 150 | 150-180 |
| Meat puree (g) | 5-10...20 | 30 | 30 | 40-50 | 50-80 |
| Fish (g) | - | - | - | - | 30-40 |
| Kefir, low-fat yogurt (ml) | - | - | 150 | 200 | 400 |
| Vegetable soup (ml) | - | - | - | 30 | 80 |
| Bread (g) | - | - | - | - | 10 |
| Crackers, cookies (g) | - | - | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| Vegetable oil (g) | 3 | 3 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
| Drain oil (g) | - | 4 | 5 | 5 | 6 |
Note: instead of vegetable puree, cereals (rice, buckwheat, corn, gluten-free) can serve as the first food.
When feeding a child, it is necessary to adhere to the principles sensitive feeding respond to signs of hunger and satiety. These signs must be taken into account to determine the amount of food that the child will eat at one time, as well as the need for snacks.
Feeding based on the needs of the child (sensitive feeding):
- Feed infants and help older children feed themselves. Feed slowly and patiently, stimulate the child's interest in food, but do not force him.
- If your child refuses most foods, try different combinations of foods, their flavors and textures, and different methods feeding.
- If your baby quickly loses interest in food while feeding, keep distractions to a minimum.
- remember, that feeding time This is a time for learning and showing love: talk and make eye contact with your baby while feeding.
- Food must be clean.
- Raw and cooked food should be kept separate.
- Food must be prepared carefully.
- Food must be stored at a safe temperature.
- For cooking, you need to use clean water and food.
| Age | Daily energy requirement in addition to breast milk | Texture | Frequency | The amount of food the average child usually eats at each meal |
| 6-8 months | 200 kcal per day | Start with thick porridge and well-mashed food |
2-3 meals a day and frequent feeding breast. |
Start with 2-3 tablespoons per meal, gradually increasing to 1/2 250 ml cup |
| 9-11 months | 300 kcal per day | Well-chopped or mashed food, and food that the child can grasp with his hands |
Depending on the child's appetite, you can give 1-2 snacks. |
2/3 cup or 250 ml plate |
| 12-23 months | 550 kcal per day | Food from the common table, crushed or crispy if necessary |
3-4 meals a day and breastfeeding. Depending on the child's appetite, you can give 1-2 snacks. |
3/4 to one 250 ml cup or plate |
Additional Information:
The amount of food indicated in the table is recommended in cases where energy density of this food is from 0.8 to 1.0 kcal/g. If the energy density of the food is about 0.6 kcal/g, it is necessary to increase the number of calories in food (add certain foods) or increase the amount of food that the child eats at one meal. For example:
- for children 6-8 months: gradually increase the amount of food to 2/3 cup;
- for children 9-11 months old: give the child 3/4 cup;
- For children 12-23 months: Give your child a full cup.
If the baby is not breastfeeding, give him an extra 1-2 cups of milk per day and organize 1-2 extra meals per day.
The energy density of foods that are given to children as complementary foods should be higher than that of breast milk - that is, at least 0.8 kcal per gram. The indicators of the amount of food given in the table come from the calculation that complementary foods contain 0.8-1.0 kcal per gram. If the energy density is higher, then less food is needed to meet energy needs. If the energy density of the food is lower than that of breast milk, the total number of calories the baby receives may be lower than when he was exclusively breastfed. This is one of the common reasons malnutrition.
Little child's appetite often a good indication of how much food is needed. However, diseases and malnutrition reduce appetite, so a sick child may eat less than he actually needs. When a child recovers from illness or malnutrition, he may need extra help with feeding to make sure he gets enough food. If the child's appetite improves during this recovery, he should be given more food.
Optimal food consistency for a child depends on his age and level of neuromuscular development. From the age of 6 months, the baby can eat mashed, mashed and semi-solid foods. At 12 months, most babies can eat the same food as other family members. But they need foods that are rich in nutrients, and foods that can choke on (for example, a whole peanut) must be avoided. Complementary foods should be thick enough to stay on the spoon and not drip off. As a rule, thick or more solid foods are more nutritious and energy dense than sparse, watery or soft foods.
Crisis of the first year of life- search
Over the past decades, the amount of evidence on the health benefits of breastfeeding and practical advice continued to grow. WHO can now state with full confidence that breastfeeding reduces child mortality and has health benefits that extend into adulthood. For the general population, exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life is recommended for infant feeding, followed by breastfeeding with adequate complementary foods for two or more years.
To enable mothers to initiate and maintain exclusive breastfeeding for six months, WHO and UNICEF recommend:
- Carry out the first breastfeeding within the first hour of life;
- To carry out exclusive breastfeeding, that is, to give the child nothing but breast milk - no other food or drink, not even water;
- Breastfeed on demand, that is, as often as the child wants, day and night.
- Do not use bottles, pacifiers or pacifiers.
Breast milk is a natural first food for newborns. It contains all the nutrients and energy a baby needs during the first months of life and continues to meet half or more of the baby's nutritional needs during the second half of the first year of life and one third during the second year of life.
Breast milk promotes sensory and cognitive development, protects the child from infectious and chronic diseases. Exclusive breastfeeding contributes to reduced infant mortality due to common childhood illnesses such as diarrhea and pneumonia, as well as faster recovery from illness.
Breastfeeding is beneficial for the health and well-being of mothers. It allows for spacing, reduces the risk of ovarian and breast cancer, increases family and national resources, is a reliable way to feed, and is environmentally friendly.
While breastfeeding is a natural act, it is also a learned behavior. Numerous scientific studies have shown that mothers and other caregivers need active support in establishing and maintaining good breastfeeding practices. In 1992, WHO and UNICEF launched the Breastfeeding Friendly Hospitals Initiative (BFEI) to strengthen maternity ward practices to support breastfeeding. HIBI is helping to improve the introduction of exclusive breastfeeding worldwide and, with support from across the health system, can help mothers maintain exclusive breastfeeding.
WHO and UNICEF have developed a 40-hour "Counseling on breastfeeding: training course" and later a five-day "Counseling on breastfeeding and early age: A Comprehensive Course" to train health workers who can provide skilled support to breastfeeding mothers and help them overcome problems. Basic breastfeeding support skills are also part of the "Integrated Management of Childhood Illness Training" for first-level health workers.
The Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding describes key interventions to protect, promote and support breastfeeding.
The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends a number of rules for successful breastfeeding. These rules guide most lactation consultants, including myself, when counseling women and when feeding their own children.
Breast milk is the best food for a baby in its first 6 months of life, and there are no substitutes for it. Every woman should know this and accept it as an axiom if she wants to ensure her baby's health and Better conditions for the development of his body. Actually, the recommendations explain this very clearly.
- Early breastfeeding- within the first hour after birth!
- Avoiding bottle feeding a newborn or in some other way before the mother attaches it to the breast. This is necessary so that the child does not form an attitude to any other feeding, except for breastfeeding.
- Joint maintenance of mother and child in the maternity hospital in one room.
- The correct position of the child at the chest allows the mother to avoid many problems and complications with the breast. If the mother was not taught this in the hospital, she should invite a lactation consultant and learn it specifically.
- Feeding on demand. It is necessary to put the baby to the breast for any reason, to give him the opportunity to suckle the breast when he wants and how much he wants. This is important not only for the saturation of the child, but also for his psycho-emotional comfort. To feel comfortable, the baby can be applied to the breast up to 4 times per hour.
- The duration of feeding is regulated by the child: do not tear the baby from the breast before he releases the nipple!
- Night feedings of the child provide stable lactation and protect the woman from the next pregnancy up to 6 months - in 96% of cases. In addition, it is night feedings that are most complete and nutritious.
- No soldering and the introduction of any foreign fluids and products. If the baby is thirsty, it should be applied to the breast more often.
- Full pacifier refusal, pacifiers and bottle feeding. If it is necessary to introduce complementary foods, it should be given only from a cup, spoon or pipette.
- Transferring the baby to the second breast only when he will suck the first breast. If the mother rushes to offer the baby a second breast, he will not get enough "late milk", rich in fats. As a result, the baby may experience digestive problems: lactose deficiency, frothy stools. Prolonged suckling of one breast will ensure the full functioning of the intestines.
- No nipple washing before and after feeding. Frequent breast washing removes the protective layer of fat from the areola and nipple, leading to cracking. The chest should be washed no more than once a day during a hygienic shower. If a woman takes a shower less often, then in this case there is no need for additional breast washing.
- Refusal of control weighings child, carried out more than 1 time per week. This procedure does not provide objective information about the nutritional value of the infant. It only irritates the mother, leads to a decrease in lactation and unreasonable introduction of supplementary feeding.
- Exclusion of additional expression of milk. With properly organized breastfeeding, milk is produced exactly as much as the baby needs, so there is no need to express after each feeding. Pumping is necessary in case of forced separation of the mother from the child, the mother goes to work, etc.
- Breastfeeding only up to 6 months- the child does not need additional nutrition and the introduction of complementary foods. According to some studies, a child can be exclusively breastfed without harm to health for up to 1 year.
- Support for mothers who breastfeed children under 1-2 years of age. Associating with women who have had a positive breastfeeding experience helps the new mother gain self-confidence and practical advice helping to improve breastfeeding. Therefore, new mothers are encouraged to contact maternal breastfeeding support groups as early as possible.
- Baby care and technology training breastfeeding are necessary for a modern mother so that she can raise him up to 1 year without any hassle with the convenience for herself and the baby. Breastfeeding consultants can help you take care of your newborn and teach the mother how to breastfeed. The sooner a mother learns motherhood, the less disappointments and unpleasant moments she will endure with her baby.
- Breastfeeding until the child is 1.5-2 years old. Feeding up to a year is not a physiological period for cessation of lactation, therefore, both mother and child suffer during weaning.
You can also download some .
Global Strategy for Infant and Young Child Feeding
The “Global Strategy”, jointly developed by WHO and UNICEF, aims to ensure, through best feeding practices, the nutritional status, growth and development, and therefore health, of infants and young children.
The information is intended to help professionals in the CIS countries update current feeding recommendations.
Feeding infants. Mother's guide
The brochure is primarily aimed at new moms and answers questions people often ask about breastfeeding in emergencies. It will help to organize breastfeeding without endangering the baby and return breast milk.
LACTATION
The mammary gland reaches its greatest development during pregnancy and after childbirth. In the development of the mammary gland, 4 phases can be distinguished:
1. Mammogenesis (phase of development of the mammary gland);
2. Lactogenesis (secretion of milk);
3. Galactopoiesis (accumulation of secreted milk);
4. Automatic secretion of the mammary gland.
PROTECTION AND SUPPORT OF BREASTFEEDING, THE SPECIAL ROLE OF MATERNITY SERVICES (1989)
The Declaration proclaimed ten principles for successful breastfeeding.
infant feeding:
1. Strictly adhere to the established rules for breastfeeding and regularly bring these rules to the attention of medical staff and women in labor.
2. Train medical staff in the necessary skills for the implementation of the practice of breastfeeding.
3. Inform all pregnant women about the benefits and technique
breastfeeding.
4. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding during the first
half an hour after birth.
5. Show the mother how to breastfeed her baby and how to keep lactating.
6. Do not give newborns any food or drink other than breast milk.
7. Practice 24/7 stay of mother and newborn in
one chamber.
8. Breastfeed on demand, not on demand.
schedule.
9. Do not give to newborns who are breastfed,
no sedatives and devices that mimic the mother
chest.
10. Encourage the establishment of breastfeeding support groups and refer mothers to these groups after discharge from the maternity hospital.
BIOLOGICAL FEATURES OF WOMEN'S MILK
Children who are breastfed are 3 times less likely to suffer from intestinal infections, 2.5 times less often - from infectious diseases, 1.5 times less often - from respiratory diseases.
Colostrum and human milk contain antibodies to intestinal infections (to Salmonella O-antigen, Escherichia, Shigella, cholera, rotoviruses, enteroviruses), respiratory infections (influenza, reovirus infection, hemophilus, influenza, chlamydia, pneumococci, etc.). ), to pathogens of viral diseases (poliomyelitis virus, cytomegalovirus, mumps, herpes, rubella, coxsackie and ECHO, etc.), to bacterial infections (M-staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus, pneumococcus, tetanus toxin, etc.).
In women's milk and especially colostrum contains immunoglobulins of all classes (A, M, G, D), the content of Jg A in colostrum is significant. This immunoglobulin plays the role of the body's first defense against the invasion of pathogenic microbes.
In the colostrum of puerperas, the content of Jg M is 1.2 times less than in the blood. A child receives about 100 mg of Jg M per day, which is 40-50 times less than Jg A.
Jg D was found in colostrum, its role has not been studied enough.
In the first month of lactation, lactoferrin is present in human milk, which activates phagocytosis and binds iron to intestinal bacteria and thereby blocks the formation of bacterial flora. In cow's milk, its content (lactoferrin) is 10-15 times less.
Colostrum contains complement components C 3 and C 4, lysozyme in women's milk is 100-300 times higher than in cow's milk. The latter damages the membrane of gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. Lysozyme stimulates the formation of salivary amylase and increases the acidity in the stomach.
Women's milk contains bifidus - a factor, its activity is 100 times higher than in cow's. This carbohydrate contributes to the formation of milk and acetic acid, due to which the acid reaction of feces prevents the growth of staphylococcus, shigella, salmonella and escherichia. With natural feeding, the ratio of lactobacilli in the intestine to other microorganisms is 1000: 1, with artificial feeding- 10:1. Lymphocytes and monocytes of human milk can produce interferon. Also found in milk are plasma cells, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, macrophages retain their activity in the stomach and intestines of the child and they are able to synthesize interferon, lactoferrin, lysozyme, complement components C3, C4 and stimulate the growth of the intestinal epithelium. Thus, macrophages retain their importance as a protective factor against intestinal infections.
ramie, suppressors, memory cells, they produce lymphokines that pass into the blood of the child.
Women's milk, unlike cow's milk, contains many pituitary hormones (STH, TSH, gonadotropin), thyroid gland (Tz and T4), etc.
In addition, women's milk contains more than 30 enzymes that are involved in the hydrolysis of milk (proteolytic, lipolytic, etc.), which contributes to the autolysis of women's milk, ensuring its high level of assimilation. Special attention deserves the rapid neuropsychic development of children who are breastfed than those who are artificially fed. The ability of children to learn at school is higher in children who received mother's milk (they learn math better). This is due to the child receiving essential fatty acids, galactose, as well as the close contact of the child with the mother.
