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Linguists recognize the Tajik language as a subspecies or ethnolect of the Persian language. According to the linguistic classification, it belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages ​​of the Indo-European family. The total number of carriers is about 8.5 million people, most of whom live in Tajikistan and in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region up to the Vanj region.

Tajik became a separate language only in the 1920s. Before that it was called "Tajik dialect of the Persian language". Literary Tajik differs from the Persian language in its phonetics and vocabulary (more archaisms). In colloquial speech, there are borrowings from the Uzbek and Russian languages.

One of the important features which should be taken into account when translating from the Tajik language and into it, is the absence of the category of gender and cases. Relations between words in a sentence are expressed through syntax: prepositions, postpositions, isophate, word order in a sentence, and in other ways. So, for example, the words used to denote the feminine gender are zan(woman) or duhtar(young woman). Word "worker" translated into Tajik sounds like "korgardukhtar" or "korgarzan" from "korgar" - "worker". Relations between nouns, expressed in Russian in the genitive case, are transmitted to Tajik with the help of isophate. For example, the phrase "father's house" in translation into Tajik will sound "honai padar", where "khona" - "house", "i" - isophate, and "padar" - "father".

Unlike Russian adjectives, Tajik adjectives denote not only a sign of an object, but also an action, and in a sentence they play the role of a circumstance. So, for example, in the sentence "Mo bo rohi nadzik omadem"(We came by the middle road.) word "nadzik" is translated as the adjective "near", while in the sentence "Qishloki onkho nadzik choygir shudaast"(Their village fit close.) it matters "close", that is, in fact, is an adverb. A competent translator from the Tajik language knows about these features.

In the Tajik language, in addition to similar Russian moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive), there is one more - hypothetical. It expresses assumption, doubt and uncertainty and has the forms of the past, present-future and present definite tense. When performing a Tajik-Russian translation, this mood is transmitted using adverbs "Maybe", "probably" or "Maybe". So, for example, the Tajik proposal "Wai meowardagist" will match Russian "Probably he will bring".

Tajik(taj. Zabony then?iki "tojiki" IPA: ) is one of the southwestern group of Iranian languages. Distributed in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, northern Afghanistan and, partially, in Iran. The total number of speakers, according to various sources, reaches from 5 to 7 million. Dialects are subdivided into the following groups: northern (regions of Bukhara, Samarkand, Ferghana Valley, Penjikent), central (Zerafshan region), southern (Karategin, Kulyab, Rog, Badakhshan), as well as southeastern (Darvaz).
Tajik is closely related to Farsi and Afghan Dari, so much so that some linguists consider them more dialects than separate languages. In any case, people who speak Tajik, Farsi or Dari understand each other quite well.
Tajik dialects, used among the Bukharian Jews of Central Asia, belong to the Northern dialects. They are mainly distinguished by the inclusion of Hebrew terms, mainly in the religious vocabulary, and the historical use of the Hebrew alphabet. Despite these differences, Bukharian Jews freely understand other Tajik dialects, especially those who speak northern dialects.
Geographic location
The main Tajik cities of Central Asia, Samarkand and Bukhara, are located in modern Uzbekistan. Tajiks make up approximately two-thirds of the population of Tajikistan, and the Tajik language dominates most parts of the country, except for areas in the north and west where ethnic Uzbeks predominate, and in Badakhshan in the southeast, where Pamir is the mother tongue of most speakers. Tajiks are also the largest ethnic group in northeastern Afghanistan, and separate communities live in many places throughout the country, especially in cities like Kabul or Herat.
In Afghanistan, to write Tajik for writing, they use the Perso-Arabic alphabet like Dari. In the aftermath of the crisis phenomena and military conflicts of the late 20th and early 20th century, many Tajiks emigrated to the niche of the country, and now a significant Tajik diaspora exists in Russia and Kazakhstan.
Dictionary
The Tajik language has retained many archaisms that have not been used in Iran and Afghanistan for a long time, such as arziz (tin) and farbe? (farbeh) - fat. On the other hand, in Tajik there are borrowings that are uncharacteristic of Farsi or Afghan Dari. Many words were borrowed from Russian during the years of Tajikistan's stay as part of the USSR. Also, the vocabulary was influenced by the geographically close Uzbek. There are also many borrowings from Arabic typical for Islamic countries. Since the late 1980s, there has been an attempt to replace foreign words native equivalents, using either old terms that have fallen into disuse, or by developing new terminology. Many of these terms, denoting modern realities like harmkunak(garmkunak) a heater and changkashak a vacuum cleaner are different from their Farce and Dari equivalents.
The following tables compare Farsi, Tajik, Pashto, and some other Indo-European languages.
Letter
Tajiks now use the Cyrillic alphabet created in the Soviet Union, although at one time they were served in both Latin and Persian (based on Arabic) alphabets. Since 1928, the Latin alphabet has been used in Tajikistan, which was replaced by Cyrillic in the 1930s. In Afghanistan, Tajiks continue to use the Persian alphabet.
Story
After the Arab conquest of Iran and much of Central Asia in the 8th century AD, Arabic became the court language for a time, while Persian and other Iranian languages ​​were restricted to the private sphere. In the ninth century AD, after the rule of the Samanids, whose kingdom occupied Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and northeastern Iran, and in which Bukhara, Samarkand and Herat were the main cities, New Persian became the language of the court and quickly supplanted Arabic. However, a powerful Arabic influence remained in the form of the Perso-Arabic alphabet and a huge number of Arabic loanwords.
The new Persian language was the language of interethnic communication in Central Asia for centuries, although this role eventually passed to the Chagatai language, thanks to the resettlement of Turkic-speaking tribes from the east to the region. Beginning in the sixteenth century AD, Tajik has been influenced by neighboring Turkic languages, especially Uzbek, which has largely replaced Tajik in most areas of present-day Uzbekistan. In most regions of Turkmenistan, for example in Merv, Tajik is not actually used today. However, Tajik is partially preserved in Uzbekistan, mainly in the cities of Samarkand, Bukhara and Surksondarya.
The creation of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR in 1929 helped preserve Tajik which, along with Russian, became the state language of the republic. A large number of Tajiks remained outside the republic, mainly in Uzbekistan, which became a source of tension between Tajiks and Uzbeks. Neither Samarkand nor Bukhara became part of the Tajik SSR, despite their great historical role in Tajik history. After the creation of the Tajik SSR, a large number of ethnic Tajiks left the Uzbek SSR, especially for the capital Dushanbe, which had a significant impact on the political, cultural and economic life of the republics. The influence of this influx of ethnic Tajik immigrants from the Uzbek SSR is most evidenced by the fact that the literary Tajik language is based precisely on northwestern dialects, and not on the central dialects spoken in Dushanbe and neighboring areas.
Tajik phonetics includes 6 vowels and 24 consonants. The grammatical structure is inflectional-analytical. Nouns have lost the ancient system of declension. There are no categories of case and gender. Case relations are expressed syntactically. A common means of communication between names is izafet. The verb has many analytic forms and combinations. Temporal values ​​are closely intertwined with specific ones. The verb distinguishes the following ways: real, imperative, conditional, admissible. Some researchers consider the forms of the perfect in a special way - implicit or auditory.
The literary language reaches the unified Persian language of the 9th-15th centuries. In the Soviet era, the literary Persian language on the territory of Tajikistan was separated into the Tajik language and it was close to colloquial.
The first written monuments (in Arabic script) date back to the 9th century. Since Soviet times, the Cyrillic alphabet has been used to write the Tajik language.
The “Tajiks”, who also live in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, are actually Pamir Tajiks and speak the Wakhan and Sarikol languages ​​of the Pamir group of Iranian languages.
Example
"Testament" T.G. Shevchenko in Tajik (translated by Mirzo Tursunzade)

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Translator- the author of the translated work, who owns the right to the translation carried out by him. According to the law of the Russian Federation On author. law and related rights P. must use ed. the right to the work created by him, provided that he respects the rights of the author of the original ... ... Publishing Dictionary

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Tajik
Language, religion, national composition of the inhabitants of Tajikistan

The Tajik language is the national and state language of the Republic of Tajikistan. Outside the Republic of Tatarstan, it is distributed on the territory of Uzbekistan, partly in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. Tajik dialects are spoken by the Tajik population of the Islamic State of Afghanistan and some Tajik-speaking ethnic groups in the People's Republic of China.

The Tajik language belongs to the languages ​​of the Persian subgroup of the southwestern Iranian group of the Indo-European language family. This language was formed on the basis of the Farsi language and some Eastern Iranian languages, common in the 9th-10th centuries in the territories of Movaronnahr and Horosan. In early medieval monuments, especially in the IX-XI centuries. This language is called Farsi Dari, Farsi or Dari. This language is the common historical basis of three modern literary languages: Tajik (in Tajikistan), Persian (in Iran), Dari (in Afghanistan). The history of the development of the Forsia Dari language is divided into the following stages:

1) Old Persian language (about 9th century BC - 4th-3rd centuries BC);
2) Middle Persian language (IY-III centuries BC - YII-YIII centuries AD);
3) New Persian language (Forsia Dari) (IX-X centuries AD - to the present day).

The first information about the ancient Persian language dates back to the 9th century. BC, however, the direct written monuments of this period belong to the YI-Y centuries. BC. The ancient Persian language, which was the native language of the Achaemenid kings who came from the province of Fars (Persides), was used as a literary and official language during the existence of the Achaemenid Empire (YI-IY centuries BC). On the basis of cuneiform graphics for the Old Persian language, a special script is compiled. Cuneiform monuments are carved on behalf of the Achaemenid kings on huge rocks, walls and columns of buildings, jugs, gems, etc., thus, some of these written monuments have survived to this day almost in their original form, without later editions, so they are of great historical value .

A few centuries after the invasion of Alexander the Great and the collapse of the Achaemenid state, the Sasanian state was formed on the territory of historical Iran, which played a huge role in the development of the language, literature and culture of the Middle Persian period. The Middle Persian language during the reign of the Sasanian dynasty becomes the language of government, literature and religion. Along with the already dead Avestan, Middle Persian was used as the second written language of the Zoroastrian (fire-worshipping) religion. Written monuments of the Middle Persian language have survived to this day on the Pahlava script, created on the basis of the Aramaic script. After the invasion of the Arabs and the spread of Islam, a significant part of the Middle Persian written monuments were destroyed.

More than two hundred years after the invasion of the Arabs, attempts were made to restore the Farsi language, but these attempts in the west of historical Iran were unsuccessful.

The first attempts to restore the literary language "Farsi" were made in the 2nd half of the 9th century on the territory of Khorasam and Mavarannakhr during the reign of the Safarid dynasty, however, the peak of the development of the literary language "porsia dar" is considered to be the 10th century - the period of the reign of the Persian kings, when the basic norms of the medieval literary language. The oldest Persian monuments that have come down to us, written in Arabic script, date back to the second half of the 9th century. The Arab historian Tabari, when describing the events of 725, when the Arabs failed in battles with the population of Khutallon (now Khatlon), cites an excerpt from a Farsi song written in Arabic script.

The language "Forsia Dari" or "Farsi" was formed under the influence of the eastern dialectics of Mavorannahr, including the Sogdian dialects used on the outskirts and in the city of Bukhara itself, the capital of the Samanid state, therefore, it reflected some features of the Eastern Iranian languages ​​and dialects.

For the literary language "Farsi" on the basis of Arabic graphics with the addition of four characters that are absent in the Arabic alphabet, a Persian modification was created in the 9th-10th centuries. The peoples inhabiting Mavorannahr acquired their political rights during this period and the Farsi Dari language began to be used in official circles, becoming a written literary language, and the dialect of the city of Bukhara, the capital of the Samanid state, played a special role in this process.

The differences between the territorial dialects during this period, as well as later, were very noticeable, but these differences were little reflected in the medieval literary language. For example, until the XYI century, it is impossible to draw clear boundaries between the literary languages ​​of Mavaronnahr and Khorasan on the one hand, that is, the Tajik language and the Persian language used in the western part of the historical border, since the Tajiks and Persians used a single literary language. Later, the Farsi language spread in Northern India, East Turkestan, Transcaucasia, Turkey, Kurdistan, but the lexical and grammatical norms of this language throughout this vast territory were distinguished by uniformity.

After the inclusion of the territories of the Persian-speaking peoples into the Arab Caliphate, the Farsi language developed under the influence of the Arabic language and this influence did not stop in later centuries. This explains the origin of Arabic borrowed words in the vocabulary of Farsi and later in the Tajik language. In the second half of the 19th century, the process of convergence of the literary language with the Tajik dialect speech took place, however, these changes were not significant for changing the established norms of the literary language. In the twentieth century the language of the Persian-speaking population of Central Asia - the Tajiks - acquires a new name - the Tajik language. The term "Tajik language" is associated with political events that took place in the first decade of the twentieth century in the Central Asian region.

In 1924, as a result of the national-territorial demarcation of the peoples of the USSR, the Tajik ASSR was formed, and in 1929, the Tajik SSR, and the Tajik language received the status of a national language. In the process of stormy disputes around the further development of the Tajik language, the basic principles for the development of the literary language are being consistently developed. The Tajik literary language develops on the basis of living Tajik speech, on the one hand, and the language of classical Persian-Tajik literature, on the other.

The Arabic script of 1939 was replaced by a new alphabet based on the Latin script, and in 1939 it was replaced by an alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet. In modern Tajik alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet, taking into account the specifics of the phonetic structure of the Tajik literary language, there are 35 characters. With the acquisition of the national sovereignty of the Republic of Tajikistan, the Tajik language, 10 centuries after the collapse of the Samanid state, again acquires state status. According to the Law on Language, the Tajik language is declared the state language in the territory of the Republic of Tajikistan.

Currently, 4 dialects of the Tajik language are used:
1. Northern dialects (Northern Tajikistan, southern parts of Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan).
2. Central dialects (dialects of Matcha, Aini, Gissar and partially Varzoba).
3. Southern dialects (dialects of Karategin, Kulyab, Tajik dialects of Badakhshan, etc.).
4. South-Eastern dialects (dialects of Pyanj and Darvaz).

The Tajik language, in its grammatical structure, belongs to languages ​​of an analytical type: nominal parts of speech do not have categories of case and grammatical gender, the connection between words in phrases is mainly expressed using prepositions, postpositions, isafet and word order, and agreement is carried out only between nouns ( subjects) and verbs (predicates).

Tajik is the native language and in some cases the only language for many non-Tajik peoples, including Central Asian Gypsies ("Jugi"), Central Asian or "Bukharian" Jews, Central Asian Arabs and some other ethnic groups of Central Asia.

Tajik

belongs to the Iranian group of the Indo-European family of languages. Official language of Tajikistan. Ancient writing based on Arabic graphics, in Tajikistan based on the Russian alphabet. Since 1991 - the official language of Tajikistan.

Tajik

Tajik language. Distributed in the Tajik SSR, in many regions of the Uzbek SSR, partly in the Kirghiz SSR and the Kazakh SSR, in northern Afghanistan. The number of speakers of T. i. in the USSR there are about 2 million people. (1970, census). Belongs to the southwestern group of Iranian languages. There are large dialect groups: northern (the dialects of Samarkand and Bukhara, which formed the basis of the modern literary language, the Ferghana Valley, Ura-Tube, Penjikent, etc.), central, or Upper Zeravshan, southern (Kulyab-Karategin and Badakhshan dialects), south- Eastern, or Darvaz. T. i. has 6 vowels and 24 consonant phonemes. The language of the inflectional-analytical system. Names have lost the inflection system developed in the past. There are no categories of gender and case. Case relations are expressed syntactically. A common means of linking names is izafet. There are many analytic forms in the developed verb system. Moods are distinguished: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, presumptive; a complex system of species-temporal forms and combinations with different species values ​​and shades. The vocabulary includes, in addition to Tajik, common Iranian roots, borrowings from Arabic, Uzbek and Russian. The first written monuments date back to the 9th century. The basis of writing is Arabic, since 1930 in the USSR it has been Latin, since 1940 it has been Russian graphics.

Lit .: Rastorgueva V.S., Experience in the comparative study of Tajik dialects, M., 1964; Kerimova A. A., Tajik language, in the book: Languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR, vol. 1, M., 1966 (lit.); Russian-Tajik dictionary, M. ≈ Stalinabad, 1949; Tajik-Russian Dictionary (with an appendix of a grammatical essay, compiled by V. S. Rastorgueva), M., 1954; Lazard G., Caractères distinctifs de la langue tadjik, Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris, 1956, t. 52, fast. 1; Zaboni adabia ozirap tojik. Syntax, Dush., 1970; Zaboni adabii ozirai tojik. Lexicology, phonetics and morphology, Kismi 1, Dush., 1973; Farangi zabony topics, vol. 1 ≈ A-O, vol. 2 ≈ P-Ch., M., 1969.

A. A. Kerimova.

Wikipedia

Tajik

Tajik(taj. zaboni tojiki, Also forsia tojiki"Tajik Farsi") - the language of the Tajiks of the countries of Central Asia, the state language of Tajikistan. Many linguists recognize it as a subspecies or ethnolect of the Persian language. The problem of "language or dialect" in relation to the Tajik language also had a political side. Sadriddin Aini played an important role in recognizing the independence of the Tajik language. Belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages ​​of the Indo-European family. Together with the materially very close or identical literary idiom of the Tajiks of Afghanistan, officially called the language dari, is included in the eastern zone of the New Persian dialect continuum and can be considered as a northeastern variant of the Persian language. Mutual understanding between native speakers of Tajik and Persian-speaking residents of Afghanistan and Iran is still possible.

Distributed in the main territory of Tajikistan, in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region to the Vanj region, enclaves in some regions of Uzbekistan (primarily in Samarkand and Bukhara, as well as in the eastern part of the Surkhandarya region) and southern Kyrgyzstan. The “Tajiks” living in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China are actually representatives of the Pamir peoples, they speak the Wakhan and Sarykol languages ​​of the Pamir group of Iranian languages ​​and usually do not know the Tajik language.

Differences with the Western (Iranian) version of the Persian language are recorded around the 15th century. The literary Tajik language differs significantly from the Persian language only phonetically, and the introduction of an alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet in 1939 further consolidated these differences. The Tajik language, compared with Persian, is distinguished by a more archaic vocabulary and individual phonetic phenomena, somewhat better preserving the heritage of the classical period (IX - XV centuries). On the other side, Speaking to some extent, it was subjected to Turkic (primarily Uzbek), and since the 20th century also Russian lexical influence.