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Constantly experiencing energy hunger, humanity is turning more and more attention to alternative energy sources. And in this regard, the World Ocean is an inexhaustible storehouse of energy resources. One of the most powerful sources of ocean energy is tidal currents.
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For centuries, people have speculated about the cause of sea tides. Today we know for sure that the mighty natural phenomenon– the rhythmic movement of sea waters is caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun.
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The highest and strongest tidal waves occur in small and narrow bays or estuaries of rivers that flow into seas and oceans. The tidal wave of the Indian Ocean rolls against the current of the Ganges at a distance of 250 km from its mouth. The tidal wave of the Atlantic Ocean extends 900 km up the Amazon. In closed seas, such as the Black or Mediterranean, small tidal waves with a height of 50-70 cm occur. Tidal waves
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This is a special type of hydroelectric power station that uses tidal energy, and in fact kinetic energy rotation of the Earth. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day. Fluctuations in water levels near the shore can reach 13 meters. Tidal power plants
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Alternative energy sources are currently doing an excellent job. Wind and solar energy are mainly used as alternative energy. There is also the energy of ebbs and flows, which is used quite rarely. Although, it is this alternative method of generating energy that does not create noise, vibration, and also does not affect nature in any way. To create such sources of energy generation using the ebb and flow of tides, the costs are significantly high. But with the help of unique turbines that convert the movement of water into energy, the price range of such a system can be more affordable.
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Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
Federal Education Agency
Irkutsk State Technical University
Faculty of BiU
Department of Economics and Management
REPORT
By discipline: “ non-traditional energy sources ”
on the topic : “ Tidal power plants”
Completed:
Checked by: Chumakov V.M.
Introduction
The sharp increase in fuel prices, difficulties in obtaining it, depletion of fuel resources - all these visible signs of the energy crisis have aroused in recent years in many countries significant interest in new sources of energy, including the energy of the World Ocean.
It is known that the energy reserves in the World Ocean are colossal, because two-thirds of the earth's surface (361 million sq. km) is occupied by seas and oceans. However, so far people have been able to use only tiny fractions of this energy, and even then at the cost of large and slowly paying off investments, so such energy until now seemed unpromising.
Ocean energy has long attracted human attention. In the mid-80s, the first industrial installations were already in operation, and developments were also carried out in the following main areas: the use of the energy of tides, surf, waves, the difference in water temperatures between the surface and deep layers of the ocean, currents, etc.
Tidal power plants
For centuries, people have speculated about the cause of sea tides. Today we know for sure that a powerful natural phenomenon - the rhythmic movement of sea waters is caused by the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun. Tidal waves contain enormous energy potential - 3 billion kW.
The idea of using tidal energy appeared to our ancestors a good thousand years ago. True, at that time they were not building tidal power plants, but tidal mills. One of these mills, mentioned in documents from 1086, survives in the town of Ealing, in the south of England. In Russia, the first tidal mill appeared on the White Sea in the 17th century.
In the twentieth century, scientists began to think about using the potential of tides in the electric power industry. The benefits of tidal energy are undeniable. Tidal stations can be built in hard-to-reach places in the coastal zone; they do not pollute the atmosphere with harmful emissions, unlike thermal stations, do not flood land, unlike hydroelectric power plants, and do not pose a potential danger, unlike nuclear power plants.
Tidal power plant (TPP) - power plant , converting the energy of sea tides into electricity. TES uses the difference in the levels of “high” and “low” water during high and low tides. By blocking with a dam, a bay or the mouth of a river flowing from the sea (ocean) (having formed a reservoir, called the TES basin), it is possible, with a sufficiently high tide amplitude (> 4m) create a pressure sufficient to rotate hydraulic turbines and hydraulic generators connected to them, located in the body of the dam. With one pool and the correct semi-diurnal tidal cycle, the PES can generate electricity continuously for 4-5 h with breaks respectively 2--1 h four times a day (such a PES is called a single-basin double-acting one). To eliminate the unevenness of electricity generation, the TPP basin can be divided by a dam into two or three smaller basins, in one of which the level of “low” water is maintained, and in the other - “full” water; the third pool is a reserve pool; hydraulic units are installed in the body of the dividing dam. But this measure does not completely exclude the pulsation of energy caused by the cyclicity of tides during the semi-monthly period. When working together in the same energy system with powerful thermal (including nuclear) power plants, the energy generated by PES can be used to cover peak loads of the energy system, and hydroelectric power plants included in the same system, which have seasonal regulation reservoirs, can compensate for intramonthly fluctuations in tidal energy.
The PES is equipped with capsule hydraulic units, which can be used with relatively high efficiency in generator (direct and reverse) and pumping (direct and reverse) modes, as well as as a culvert. During hours when the low load of the power system coincides in time with “low” or “full” water in the sea, the hydraulic units of the PES are either turned off or operate in pumping mode - they pump water into the pool above the high tide level (or pump it out below the low tide level) and thus in this way accumulate energy until the moment when a load peak occurs in the power system ( rice. 1 ).
If the high or low tide coincides with the maximum load of the power system, the TPP operates in generator mode. Thus, PES can be used in the power system as a peak power plant .
In 1966 in France on the Rance River ( rice. 2 ) the world's first tidal power station was built. The system uses twenty-four 10-
megawatt turbines, has a design capacity of 240 MW and annually produces about 50 GWh of electricity. A tidal capsule unit has been developed for this station, allowing three direct and three reverse operating modes: as a generator, as a pump and as a culvert, which ensures efficient operation of the TPP. According to experts, PES Rance is economically justified. Annual operating costs are lower than for hydroelectric power plants and amount to 4% of capital investments.
Another large tidal power plant with a capacity of 20 MW is located at Annapolis Royal, in the Bay of Fundy (Nova Scotia, Canada). It was officially opened in September 1984. The system was installed on the island. Hogs at the mouth of the river. Annapolis on the basis of an existing levee that protects fertile lands from flooding with sea water during storms. The tidal amplitude ranges from 4.4 to 8.7 m.
In 1968, the first pilot industrial power plant in our country was built on the coast of the Barents Sea in Kislaya Bay. The power plant building houses 2 hydraulic units with a capacity of 400 kW. The founders of this project were Soviet scientists Lev Bernstein and Igor Usachev. For the first time in the world practice of hydraulic engineering construction, the station was built using the floating method, which later became widely used in the construction of underwater tunnels, oil and gas platforms, coastal hydroelectric power stations, thermal power plants, nuclear power plants and protective hydraulic engineering complexes.
Unlike river hydropower, the average amount of tidal energy varies little from season to season, which allows tidal power plants to more uniformly provide energy to industrial enterprises.
Projects for tidal power plants are being developed abroad in the Bay of Fundy (Canada) and at the mouth of the Severn River (England) with a capacity of 4 and 10 million kilowatts, respectively, and small tidal power plants are operating in China.
So far, the energy of tidal power plants is more expensive than the energy of thermal power plants, but with a more rational construction of the hydraulic structures of these stations, the cost of the energy they generate can be reduced to the cost of the energy of river power plants. Since the planet's tidal energy reserves significantly exceed the total hydropower of rivers, it can be assumed that tidal energy will play a significant role in the further progress of human society.
The global community envisions the leading use of clean and renewable energy from sea tides in the 21st century. Its reserves can provide up to 15% of modern energy consumption.
33 years of experience in operating the world's first tidal power plants - Rance in France and Kislogubskaya in Russia - have proven that tidal power plants:
operate stably in power systems both at base and at peak load schedules with guaranteed constant monthly electricity generation
do not pollute the atmosphere with harmful emissions, unlike thermal stations
do not flood land, unlike hydroelectric power plants
do not pose a potential danger unlike nuclear power plants
capital investments for power plant structures do not exceed the costs for hydroelectric power plants thanks to the float construction method tested in Russia (without jumpers) and the use of a new technologically advanced orthogonal hydraulic unit
the cost of electricity is the cheapest in the energy system (proved over 35 years at the Rance PES - France).
In Russia, the Tugurskaya TPP with a capacity of 8.0 GW and the Penzhinskaya TPP with a capacity of 87 GW on the Sea of Okhotsk have been completed, the energy of which can be transferred to energy-deficient areas of Southeast Asia. On the White Sea, the Mezen TPP with a capacity of 11.4 GW is being designed, the energy of which is supposed to be sent to Western Europe via the East-West integrated energy system.
Floating "Russian" technology for the construction of tidal power plants makes it possible to reduce capital costs by a third compared to in the classic way construction of hydraulic structures behind the lintels.
Tidal power plants do not have harmful effects on humans:
no harmful emissions (unlike thermal power plants)
there is no flooding of land and no danger of waves breaking into the lower pool (unlike hydroelectric power plants)
no radiation hazard (unlike nuclear power plants)
the impact on the TES of catastrophic natural and social phenomena (earthquakes, floods, military operations) does not threaten the population in the areas adjacent to the TES.
This technology is especially beneficial for island territories, as well as for countries with long coastlines.
Environmental safety:
PES dams are biologically permeable
the passage of fish through the PES occurs almost unhindered
full-scale tests at the Kislogubskaya TPP did not reveal any dead fish or any damage to them (research by the Polar Institute of Fisheries and Oceanology)
The main food supply of the fish stock is plankton: 5-10% of plankton die at the PPP, and 83-99% at the HPP
the decrease in water salinity in the TES basin, which determines the ecological state of marine fauna and ice, is 0.05-0.07%, i.e. almost imperceptible
the ice regime in the TES basin is softening
hummocks and the prerequisites for their formation disappear in the basin
there is no pressure effect of ice on the structure
bottom erosion and sediment movement are completely stabilized during the first two years of operation
The floating method of construction makes it possible not to erect temporary large construction bases at the TPP sites, build dams, etc., which helps preserve the environment in the TPP area
the release of harmful gases, ash, radioactive and thermal waste, extraction, transportation, processing, combustion and burial of fuel, prevention of combustion of air oxygen, flooding of territories, the threat of a breakthrough wave are excluded
The PES does not threaten humans, and changes in the area of its operation are only local in nature, and mainly in a positive direction.
Energy characteristics of tidal power plants
Harnessing the great forces of the tides of the world's oceans, even the ocean waves themselves, is an interesting problem. They are just beginning to solve it. There is a lot to study, invent and design.
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The presentation on the topic “Kislogubskaya tidal power plant” (9th grade) can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Music. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 12 slide(s).
Presentation slides
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Kislogubskaya tidal power station
Cheboksary, 2008
Completed by: 9th grade student A of Municipal Educational Institution “Secondary School No. 45” Bodrova Yana
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Location of the tidal power plant Resumption of operation of the tidal power station Method of construction of the Kislogubskaya tidal power station Impeccable source of electricity - tidal power station Conclusions
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Resumption of PES operation
Two years ago, with the active participation of RAO UES, the restoration of the Kislogubskaya TPP began. The impetus for this was the creation in one of the Russian research institutes of a unique unit - an orthogonal turbine capable of rotating only in one direction, regardless of the direction of the ebb and flow of the tides. Having learned about this invention, the management of RAO set the task for Murmansk power engineers to bring it to fruition here, on the Kola Peninsula. Within two years the problem was solved. And the only experimental tidal power plant in Russia (owned by OJSC Kolenergo) was put back into operation in December 2004 after ten years of inactivity.
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Of course, ahead great job for running-in, because we are talking about pilot-industrial operation. However, the scale of this event goes beyond the Russian energy sector. This is truly the world's first orthogonal unit operating at a tidal station. However, the Kislogubskaya station is no stranger to the epithet “first in the world”. An experimental sample of an orthogonal hydraulic unit was created at OJSC "NIIES" and, by order of RAO "UES of Russia", was built at the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "PO Sevmash" (Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region)
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Construction method of Kislogubskaya TPP
For the first time in the practice of hydropower construction, the PES building was constructed without erecting jumpers - using the floating method in the dock. Then it, with fully assembled technological equipment, was taken out of the construction dock, towed by sea to Kislaya Bay and installed on a base of sandy and gravel soil leveled by divers. This construction method allows for a 25–30% reduction in capital costs compared to the classical method of constructing hydraulic structures behind lintels. In addition, during the construction of the Kislogubskaya TPP, especially strong and frost-resistant concrete was developed that can withstand the effects of the Arctic marine environment, and unique cathodic protection of metal structures of equipment and reinforced concrete fittings from corrosion and fouling by marine organisms.
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An impeccable source of electricity - PES
The prospects for tidal stations around the world are seen as serious. Planned power generation, practically independent of the ebb and flow of tides (like wind power plants, which depend on air movement), the absence of harmful emissions (like thermal power plants), flooded lands (like hydroelectric power plants) and radiation hazards (like nuclear power plants) make tidal power plants an ideal source of electricity. Developed countries expect to provide up to 12% of energy consumption in the future from sea energy.
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According to experts, the use of orthogonal turbines opens up great prospects for the construction of tidal power plants in Russia. Such a turbine is unique in that when the flow moves in the forward and reverse directions (ebb and flow), the direction of its rotation does not change, it always rotates in the same direction. This results in a multiple reduction in the cost of manufacturing the turbine and generator. If the tests of the new turbine under natural operating conditions are successful, then it will be possible to begin the construction of the Mezen TPP, and the experience of cooperation between NIIES, Sevmash and Kolenergo OJSC will open the way for the industrial operation of tidal power plants in our country.
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There are currently no world analogues of such an orthogonal turbine. At the end of the 80s of the last century, Japanese and Canadian scientists attempted to create a hydraulic unit. However, its efficiency turned out to be less than 40%, and work was stopped due to the unprofitability of the equipment. According to NIIES scientists, the efficiency of the Russian analogue can be 70%.
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Kislogubskaya TPP is the only experimental station in Russia that uses tidal energy. The Kislogubskaya TPP is the only large concrete structure in the world in the Arctic. The operating electrolysis plant has been protecting the underwater part of the station from corrosion and shell growths for decades, while maintaining the ecological cleanliness of the area. The Kislogubskaya TPP is registered with the state and is protected as a monument of science and technology of Russia. In the period from 1970 to 1994, the station generated 8018 thousand kWh of electricity
Physics teacher Valentina Alekseevna Karpacheva
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Hydroelectric power station (HPP)
- About 23% of the world's electricity is generated by hydroelectric power plants. They convert the kinetic energy of falling water into mechanical energy rotation of the turbine, and the turbine rotates the electric machine current generator.
- For efficient production of electricity at hydroelectric power plants, two main factors are necessary: a guaranteed supply of water all year round and possibly large river slopes.
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Types of hydroelectric power stations
Hydroelectric power stations (HPP)
- Dam hydroelectric power plants
- Run-of-river hydroelectric power stations
- Dam hydroelectric power stations
- Diversion hydroelectric power stations
- Pumped storage power plants
- Tidal power plants
- Wave power plants and sea currents
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Hydroelectric power station scheme
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Operating principle of hydroelectric power station
The dam creates a backwater of water in the reservoir, providing a constant supply of energy. Water flows through a water intake, the level of which determines the flow rate. The flow of water, rotating the turbine, rotates the electric generator. High-voltage power lines transmit electricity to distribution substations.
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The largest hydroelectric power stations in Russia
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Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP
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Pumped storage power plants (PSPPs)
Pumped storage power plants are used to level out the daily heterogeneity of the electrical load schedule.
During low-load hours, the pumped storage power plant, consuming electricity, pumps water from a lower reservoir to an upper reservoir, and during hours of increased load in the power system, it uses stored water to generate peak energy.
Zagorskaya PSPP
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Tidal power plant (TPP)
Tidal power plants use the energy of the tides. Tidal power plants are built on the shores of seas, where the gravitational forces of the Moon and the Sun change the water level twice a day. Fluctuations in water levels near the shore can reach 13 meters.
Tidal power station La Rance, France
Tidal power stations on video
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Kislogubskaya TPP
The experimental TPP is located in the Kislaya Bay of the Barents Sea, near the village of Ura-Guba, Murmansk Region. The first and only tidal power plant in Russia. It is registered with the state as a monument of science and technology.
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Run-of-river hydroelectric power station (RusGES)
Run-of-the-river hydroelectric power station (RusGES) refers to dam-free hydroelectric power stations that are located on flat high-water rivers, in narrow compressed valleys, on mountain rivers, as well as in fast currents of the seas and oceans.
secondary vocational education
Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug– Ugra
"SURGUT PROFESSIONAL COLLEGE"
STRUCTURAL DIVISION - 1
Lesson-seminar
Energy: problems and hopes
Developed by a physics teacher
Berezina Yu.Yu.
Surgut, 2012
Lesson objectives:
– deepen students’ knowledge of the physical principles of electricity production various types power plants; show their advantages and disadvantages from an environmental point of view;
To intensify the search and cognitive activity of students in working with educational, original texts;
Form in students communication skills speak publicly on a topic, conduct a dialogue, participate in a discussion, actively listen.
Lesson type:
Combined.
Lesson form:
Lesson - seminar.
Equipment: presentation, video fragment “Tidal Power Plant”, computer, interactive whiteboard, multimedia projector, transformer model, “Physics - 11” G.Ya. Myakishev, B.B. Bukhovtsev, handouts.
Lesson structure
Organizational moment 2 min
Examination homework 15 min
Frontal survey 5 min
Test 10 min
Learning new material 55 min
Lesson summary 5 min
Homework 3 min
Organizational moment.
So, the topic of our lesson is “Energy: problems and hopes.” Open the notebook, write down the date and topic of the lesson.
The purpose of our lesson: to get acquainted and deepen knowledge about the production of electricity at various types of power plants; find out their environmental advantages and disadvantages.
Checking homework.
Frontal survey (work with the whole group)
What physical phenomenon is the operating principle of the generator based on?
Name another device that is also based on the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction?
What types of transformers do you know?
Where are transformers used in Surgut?
How does electricity transfer over a distance occur?
Why do electricity losses occur during the transmission of electric current?
How can you reduce energy losses?
2) Test (individual work, mutual verification)
Okay, well done. Now we close the notebooks, you have a control sheet on your tables, sign your last name, first name, group number. We carefully read the assignments and answer the questions. Mutual check: exchange pieces of paper, correct answers are on the slide. Rate it and pass the paper forward.
So, we repeated the main questions of the topic: transformer, generator, transmission of electricity to consumers. In today's lesson we will talk about ways to generate electricity.
Learning new material
Structure of the Russian electric power industry:
Our city of Surgut is the heart of the thermal power industry. The thermal power plant located here ranks 1st in the world and is the most powerful. In addition, it is unique in that it runs on associated gas.
Well, now we will get acquainted with each type of power plant; students from our group who have prepared messages on this topic will help me in teaching today.
We will enter all records into a table ( students draw a table in their notebook).
| Power station | Primary energy source | Energy conversion circuit | Efficiency | Advantages | Flaws |
| TPP (thermal) | |||||
| hydroelectric power station (hydroel) | |||||
| NPP (nuclear) | |||||
| WPP (wind) | |||||
| SES (solar) | |||||
| TES (tidal) | |||||
| GeoTES (geothermal) |
(Working with the textbook “Physics - 11”G.Ya.Myakishev, B.B.Bukhovtsev.)
A) TPP
Let's start studying new topic from the most traditional power plant - thermal power plant or TPP. Please open the textbook pp. 117-118 § 39, your task: read the paragraph of the textbook and fill out the table.
(Student message)
B) hydroelectric power station
Please open the textbook, page 118 §39, your task: read the paragraph of the textbook and fill out the table.
(Student message)
IN) nuclear power plant
Please open the textbook, page 119 §39, your task: read the paragraph of the textbook and fill out the table.
(Student message)
Nuclear energy is the main source of energy for many countries. In France in 1971 it gave 72.7%, in Belgium - 59.3%, in Sweden - 51.7%, in Hungary - 48.4, in South Korea - 46.7%.
Japan built the world's largest nuclear power plant, Fukushima, with a capacity of 8 million kW and 10 power units. By 2010, Japan intended to double its nuclear energy production, and in 2011 a terrible environmental disaster occurred.
However, defenders of nuclear energy believe that this (with a reliable system of protection from reactors and proper storage of radioactive waste) is the cleanest source of energy.
So, as you understood from the presentations, the main problems of traditional electricity are:
1. Depletion of reserves of primary energy resources and their rise in price.
2. Pollution and destruction of the natural environment.
However, according to many scientists, these problems can be solved with the help of alternative energy. Listen to the following words:
If the wind is constantly blowing, use wind energy!
If there are sunny days all year round, use the energy of the Sun!
If there are geysers nearby, it is necessary to use the energy of the Earth.
If you live on the banks of a river, take advantage of the achievements of hydropower.
If you can see the sea or ocean from your window, you can use the energy of waves, surf, tides!
Countries are leaders in types of alternative energy
G) WPP (wind power plant)
The designers managed to achieve an efficiency of 46-48 percent. Wind turbines are widespread in Holland and the USA. In the state of California there are 15 thousand wind turbines (their total capacity is 1400 MW), in Denmark there are 3218 wind turbines (with a total capacity of 418 MW). The disadvantage of wind turbines is that they cause heavy noise pollution and occupy large areas. Therefore, the role of wind energy in the energy supply of the future is limited, although wind turbines are indispensable as local sources of energy on farms, gardens, etc.
The first wind turbine in Russia was built in 1931, had a capacity of 100 kW and operated until the Great Patriotic War. After that, wind energy was not engaged in our country and only in the last 2-3 years work was resumed. The total capacity of all wind turbines in Russia can reach 700 million kW. Dozens of options for power plants using wind power have been developed.
D) SES (solar power plant)
(student’s message, others listen, ask questions, fill out the table)
The efficiency of modern solar panels reaches 13-15 percent. Solar power plants are environmentally friendly, but they have a very high metal consumption.
Semiconductor photovoltaic cells provide more expensive energy, but are convenient due to their versatility. Installed on the roof, they will make any farm not a consumer, but an energy producer. There is no need for expensive power lines. At night, the energy stored in the batteries will be used.
(tell us about Denmark - ecovillages)
E) TPP (tidal power plants)
(student’s message, others listen, ask questions, fill out the table)
Efficiency up to 60-70%. The use of tidal energy is just beginning; the possibilities and consequences of such energy have not yet been sufficiently studied. In Russia there is one tidal power plant in the Kislaya Bay of the White Sea and the construction of a tidal power station is being planned in the Kungur Bay of the Sea of Japan
The projected TPP in the Kungur Bay of the Sea of Japan will have a capacity of 6.2 million kW, which is equivalent to the power of three medium-sized nuclear power plants. The dam will fence off a bay with an area of 900 sq.m., while the coastal areas will not be flooded and the marine ecosystem will be preserved. The designers believe that the construction of this largest power plant will help solve the energy supply problems of the Khabarovsk Territory, where today there is a constant shortage of energy, in an environmentally friendly way, without resorting to nuclear energy.
AND) GeoTES (geothermal power plant)
(student’s message, others listen, ask questions, fill out the table)
Efficiency up to 40%. Countries where geothermal heat is already used on a large scale today are the USA, Mexico and the Philippines. The share of geothermal energy in the Philippines' energy budget is 19%.
The largest geothermal power station operates in the USA, its capacity is 700 MW.
In Russia, work on the development of geothermal resources is being carried out in the Krasnodar and Stavropol territories, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia, Dagestan, Kamchatka and Sakhalin. In Dagestan, they are already used today by 120 different consumers - greenhouses, hospitals, enterprises, etc. The apartments of residents of the city of Ishberbash (25 thousand people) are heated entirely using geothermal waters. The capacity of the Paudetskaya Geothermal Power Plant in Kamchatka is 11 MW.
Summing up the lesson
“The world that you can fly around in 90 minutes will never be for people what it was for their ancestors.”
Reflection
Today in class I learned...
I did it...
It was difficult...
I was surprised...
It was interesting...
Homework
§ 38-41, (textbook “Physics-11” G.Ya.Myakishev, B.B.Bukhovtsev)
Prepare a presentation or message “Types of power plants” (take 1 type).
Prepare for test work on the topic “Production, transmission and use of electricity”, repeat the basic definitions, concepts, formulas.
