Interpreter, dragoman. ... .. Dictionary of Russian synonyms and similar expressions. under. ed. N. Abramova, M.: Russian dictionaries, 1999. translator, interpreter, interpreter, dragoman, prescriber, whisperer, synchronist, translator, translator,... ... Dictionary of synonyms
TRANSLATOR- TRANSLATOR, translator, husband. 1. A person engaged in translations from one language to another. Translator from French. 2. One who translates or has translated something (see translate in 8, 9 and especially 10 meanings; simple). Money translator. Intelligent... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
Translator- an intermediate link in communication, the need for which arises in cases where the codes used by the source and the addressee do not match. As a language intermediary, a translator can carry out not only translation, but also various other things... ... Financial Dictionary
TRANSLATOR- TRANSLATOR, huh, husband. Specialist in translations from one language to another. P. from Czech. | wives translator, s. | adj. translation, oh, oh. Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary
Translator- the author of the translated work, who owns the right to the translation performed by him. According to the law of the Russian Federation On motor vehicles. law and related rights, P. must use the author. the right to the work created by him, provided that he respects the rights of the original author... ... Publishing dictionary-reference book
Translator- (English translator, interpreter) 1) in civil and criminal proceedings, a person who speaks the languages necessary to translate statements, testimony, petitions, explanations, familiarize himself with the case materials, speak in court in his native language... Encyclopedia of Law
TRANSLATOR- an individual who speaks languages whose knowledge is necessary for translation in civil, administrative, criminal proceedings or during its consideration... Legal encyclopedia
translator- 3.6 translator: An individual who translated the text of a work into the language of this publication. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation
TRANSLATOR - Job responsibilities. Translates scientific, technical, socio-political, economic and other specialized literature, patent descriptions, regulatory technical and shipping documentation, correspondence materials with foreign... Qualification directory for positions of managers, specialists and other employees
Translator- The request “Translator” is redirected here; see also other meanings. The request is redirected here " Electronic translator" A separate article is needed on this topic. A translator is a specialist engaged in translation, that is, the creation of written... ... Wikipedia
translator- noun, m., used. compare often Morphology: (no) whom? translator, who? translator, (see) who? translator, by whom? translator, about whom? about the translator; pl. Who? translators, (no) who? translators, who? translators, (I see) who? translators... Dmitriev's Explanatory Dictionary
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Tajik(taj. That's why "tojiki" IPA: ) is one of the southwestern group of Iranian languages. Distributed in Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, northern Afghanistan and, partially, Iran. The total number of speakers, according to various sources, ranges from 5 to 7 million. Dialects are divided into the following groups: northern (regions of Bukhara, Samarkand, Fergana Valley, Penjikent), central (Zerafshan region), southern (Karategin, Kulyab, Rogs, Badakhshan), and southeastern (Darvaz).
Tajik is closely related to Farsi and Afghan Dari, so much so that some linguists consider them dialects rather than separate languages. In any case, people speaking Tajik, Farsi or Dari understand each other quite well.
Tajik dialects, used among Bukharan Jews of Central Asia, belong to the northern dialects. They are mainly distinguished by the inclusion of Hebrew terms, mainly in the religious dictionary, and the historical use of Hebrew alphabet. Despite these differences, Bukharian Jews understand other Tajiks fluently, especially those who speak northern dialects.
Geographical location
The main Tajik cities of Central Asia are Samarkand and Bukhara, located in modern Uzbekistan. Tajiks make up approximately two-thirds of Tajikistan's population, and the Tajik language is dominant in most parts of the country except in areas in the north and west where ethnic Uzbeks predominate, and in Badakhshan in the southeast, where most speakers have Pamir languages as their mother tongue. Tajiks are also the largest ethnic group in northeastern Afghanistan, and distinct communities live in many places throughout the country, especially in cities such as Kabul or Herat.
In Afghanistan, the Perso-Arabic alphabet like Dari is used to write Tajik. Following the crisis and military conflicts of the late 20th and early this century, many Tajiks emigrated to the country’s niche and now a significant Tajik diaspora exists in Russia and Kazakhstan.
Dictionary
The Tajik language has preserved many archaisms that have not been used in Iran and Afghanistan for a long time, such as arziz - tin, and farbe? (farbeh) – fat. On the other hand, Tajik borrowings are uncharacteristic of Farsi or Afghan Dari. Many words were borrowed from Russian during the years when Tajikistan was part of the USSR. The geographically close Uzbek language also influenced the dictionary. There are also many borrowings from Arabic that are typical for Islamic countries. Beginning in the late 1980s, there was an attempt to replace foreign words native equivalents, using either old terms that have fallen out of use, or developing new terminology. Many of these terms denoting modern realities like garmkunak(garmkunak) - heater, and changkashak (vacuum cleaner), differ from the equivalents in Fars and Dari.
The following tables compare Farsi, Tajik, Pashto and several other Indo-European languages.
Letter
Tajiks now use the Cyrillic alphabet created in the Soviet Union, although at one time they were served in both the Latin and Persian (Arabic-based) alphabet. Tajikistan has used the Latin alphabet since 1928, which was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in the 1930s. In Afghanistan, Tajiks continue to use the Persian alphabet.
Story
Following the Arab conquest of Iran and much of Central Asia in the 8th century AD, Arabic became a court language for a time, while Persian and other Iranian languages were limited to the private sphere. In the ninth century AD, following the rule of the Samanids, whose state occupied Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and northeastern Iran and whose main cities were Bukhara, Samarkand and Herat, New Persian became the language of the court and quickly replaced Arabic. However, a powerful Arabic influence remained in the form of the Perso-Arabic alphabet and a huge number of Arabic loanwords.
New Persian was the lingua franca of Central Asia for centuries, although this role was eventually ceded to the Chagatai language, thanks to the migration of Turkic-speaking tribes into the region from the east. Beginning in the sixteenth century AD, Tajik was influenced by neighboring Turkic languages, especially Uzbek, which largely replaced Tajik in most areas of modern Uzbekistan. In most areas of Turkmenistan, for example in Merv, Tajik is actually not used today. However, Tajik is partially preserved in Uzbekistan, mainly in the cities of Samarkand, Bukhara and Surksondarya.
The creation of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic within the USSR in 1929 helped preserve Tajik which, together with Russian, became the state language of the republic. A large number of Tajiks remained outside the republic, mainly in Uzbekistan, which became a source of tension between Tajiks and Uzbeks. Neither Samarkand nor Bukhara became part of the Tajik SSR, despite their enormous historical role in Tajik history. After the creation of the Tajik SSR, a large number of ethnic Tajiks left the Uzbek SSR, especially to the capital Dushanbe, which had a significant impact on the political, cultural and economic life of the republics. The influence of this influx of ethnic Tajik immigrants from the Uzbek SSR is most evidenced by the fact that the literary Tajik language is based specifically on the northwestern dialects, and not on the central ones spoken in Dushanbe and neighboring regions.
Tajik phonetics includes 6 vowels and 24 consonants. The grammatical structure is inflectional-analytical. Nouns have lost their ancient declension system. There are no categories of case and gender. Case relations are expressed syntactically. A common means of communication between names is izafet. The verb has many analytical forms and combinations. Temporal meanings are closely intertwined with specific ones. The verb distinguishes the following ways: active, imperative, conditional, permissible. Some researchers consider perfect forms in a special way - implicit or auditory.
The literary language reaches a single Persian language in the 9th – 15th centuries. In the Soviet era, the literary Persian language on the territory of Tajikistan was separated into the Tajik language and brought it closer to the spoken language.
The first written monuments (in Arabic writing) date back to the 9th century. Since Soviet times, the Cyrillic alphabet has been used to write the Tajik language.
The “Tajiks” who live in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China are in fact Pamir Tajiks and speak the Wakhan and Sarikol languages, the Pamir group of Iranian languages.
Example
“Testament” by T.G. Shevchenko in Tajik language (translated by Mirzo Tursun-zade)
Tajik
belongs to the Iranian group of the Indo-European family of languages. Official language of Tajikistan. Ancient writing based on Arabic script, in Tajikistan based on the Russian alphabet. Since 1991 - the official language of Tajikistan.
Tajik
Tajik language. Distributed in the Tajik SSR, in many regions of the Uzbek SSR, partly in the Kirghiz SSR and Kazakh SSR, in northern Afghanistan. Number of speakers of T. i. There are about 2 million people in the USSR. (1970, census). Belongs to the southwestern group of Iranian languages. Large dialect groups are distinguished: northern (dialects of Samarkand and Bukhara, which formed the basis of the modern literary language, Fergana Valley, Ura-Tyube, Penjikent, etc.), central, or Upper Zeravshan, southern (Kulyab-Karategin and Badakhshan dialects), south- eastern, or Darvazian. T. I. has 6 vowels and 24 consonant phonemes. A language of inflectional-analytical structure. Names have lost the system of inflection developed in the past. There are no categories of gender and case. Case relations are expressed syntactically. A common means of connecting names is izafet. The developed verb system has many analytical forms. There are different moods: indicative, imperative, subjunctive, presumptive; a complex system of species-temporal forms and combinations with different species meanings and shades. The vocabulary includes, in addition to Tajik, common Iranian roots, borrowings from Arabic, Uzbek and Russian languages. The first written monuments date back to the 9th century. The script is based on Arabic, from 1930 in the USSR it is Latin, and from 1940 it is Russian script.
Lit.: Rastorgueva V.S., Experience in comparative study of Tajik dialects, M., 1964; Kerimova A. A., Tajik language, in the book: Languages of the Peoples of the USSR, vol. 1, M., 1966 (lit.); Russian-Tajik Dictionary, M. ≈ Stalinabad, 1949; Tajik-Russian dictionary (with the appendix of a grammatical essay, compiled by V. S. Rastorgueva), M., 1954; Lazard G., Caractères distinctifs de la langue tadjik, “Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris”, 1956, t. 52, fasc. 1; Zaboni adabii ozirap tojik. Syntax, Soul., 1970; Zaboni adabii ozirai tojik. Lexicology, phonetics and morphology, Kismi 1, Dush., 1973; Farangi Zaboni Topiki, vol. 1 ≈ A-O, vol. 2 ≈ P-Ch., M., 1969.
A. A. Kerimova.
Wikipedia
Tajik
Tajik(taj. zaboni tokiki, Also force and tokiki“Tajik Farsi”) is the language of the Tajiks of the countries of Central Asia, the state language of Tajikistan. Many linguists recognize it as a subtype or ethnolect of the Persian language. The problem of “language or dialect” in relation to the Tajik language also had a political side. Sadriddin Aini played a major role in recognizing the independence of the Tajik language. Belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages of the Indo-European family. Together with the materially very close or identical literary idiom of the Tajiks of Afghanistan, officially called the language give, is included in the eastern zone of the New Persian dialect continuum and can be considered as a northeastern variant of the Persian language. Mutual understanding between Tajik speakers and Persian-speaking residents of Afghanistan and Iran is still possible.
Distributed throughout the main territory of Tajikistan, in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region to the Vanj region, in enclaves in some regions of Uzbekistan (primarily in Samarkand and Bukhara, as well as in the eastern part of the Surkhandarya region) and the south of Kyrgyzstan. The “Tajiks” living in the southwestern part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China are actually representatives of the Pamir peoples; they speak the Wakhan and Sarykol languages of the Pamir group of Iranian languages and usually do not know the Tajik language.
Differences with the Western (Iranian) version of the Persian language are recorded around the 15th century. The literary Tajik language differs significantly from the Persian language only phonetically, and the introduction of an alphabet based on the Cyrillic alphabet in 1939 further consolidated these differences. The Tajik language, compared to Persian, is distinguished by a more archaic vocabulary and individual phonetic phenomena, preserving the heritage of the classical period (IX - XV centuries) somewhat better. On the other hand, colloquial speech has to some extent been subject to Turkic (primarily Uzbek), and since the 20th century, also Russian lexical influence.
The cost of translation from Tajik into Russian is indicated for one page of text (1800 characters).
| Professional translation services | ||
|---|---|---|
| Service | Price | |
| translation from Tajik into Russian | 450 RUR/page | |
| translation from Russian into Tajik | 540 rub./page. | |
Linguists recognize the Tajik language as a subtype or ethnolect of the Persian language. According to the linguistic classification, it belongs to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian languages of the Indo-European family. The total number of speakers is about 8.5 million people, most of whom live in Tajikistan and in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region to the Vanj region.
Tajik only became a separate language in the 1920s. Before that they called him "Tajik dialect of the Persian language". Literary Tajik differs from the Persian language in its phonetics and vocabulary (more archaisms). IN colloquial speech There are borrowings from the Uzbek and Russian languages.
One of the important features, which should be taken into account when translating from and into the Tajik language, is the absence of the category of gender and cases. The relationships between words in a sentence are expressed through syntax: prepositions, postpositions, isophates, word order in a sentence and other ways. So, for example, to denote the feminine gender the words are used zan(woman) or dukhtar(young woman). Word "worker" translated into Tajik it sounds like "korgardukhtar" or "korgarzan" from "korgar" - "worker". Relations between nouns, expressed in Russian by the genitive case, are transmitted to Tajik using isophate. For example, the phrase “father’s house” translated into Tajik will sound “khonai padar”, where “khona” is “house”, “i” is isofat, and “padar” is “father”.
Unlike Russian adjectives, Tajik ones denote not only the attribute of an object, but also an action, and in a sentence they play the role of circumstance. So, for example, in the sentence "Mo bo rohi nadzik omadem"(We came by the nearest road.) word "supervisor" is translated as the adjective "neighbor", whereas in the sentence "Kishloki onkho nadzik choygir shudaast"(Their village is located close.) it matters "close", that is, in essence it is an adverb. A competent translator from the Tajik language knows about these features.
In the Tajik language, in addition to similar Russian moods (indicative, imperative and subjunctive), there is one more - presumptive. It expresses assumption, doubt and uncertainty and has the forms past, present-future and present definite. When performing a Tajik-Russian translation, this mood is conveyed using adverbs "Maybe", "likely" or "Maybe". So, for example, the Tajik proposal "Vai meovardagist" will correspond to Russian "He'll probably bring it".
