Rules for reading the German language table printed version. German alphabet. Reading rules. In German

Vowels


"A Umlaut" reads like "e": Märchen [märchen] - a fairy tale.

Consonants


Z [tset] reads like "ts": Ziel [tsyl] - goal
S [es] reads like "s": Haus [house] - house, but if S is before or between vowels - it reads like "h": Sofa [zof] - sofa, lesen - read.
ß [escet] reads like a long "s": Straße [strasse] - street.
Sometimes it is very difficult to determine whether to write "ss" or "ß" in a word. In accordance with the new rules of the German language, after a long vowel or double vowel, ß is written, and after a short one - ss: wissen - weiß, dass, groß.

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F [ef], V [fau] are read as "f": Fox [fox] - fox, Volk [folk] - people. In borrowed words, V is read as "in": Vase - a vase.
J [iot] is read as "th": Joghurt [yogurt] - actually, yogurt :).
L [el] - reads like "l", the middle between soft and hard "l", but closer to soft: Lampe [lampe] - lamp.
R [er] is read as a graduated "r" (that is, burr), at the end of a word or syllable it is read as a short "a": Russland [Russland] - Russia, Mutter [mutta] - mother.
H [ha] at the beginning of a word or root is read as an exhalation: Haus [house] is a house, and in the middle or at the end of a root (after a vowel) it is not read at all: gehen - to go, Kuh - a cow.

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Consonant letter combinations

ch reads like "x": Loch [loh] - a hole,
chs reads like "ks": Fuchs [fux] - fox,
sch reads like "sh": Schrank [shrank] - wardrobe,
sp / st at the beginning of a word or at the beginning of a root are read as "shp / piece": spontan [spontan] - spontaneous / Stuhl (shtul) - a chair,
tsch is read as a hard "h": Deutsch [deutsch] - German, Quatsch [quach] - nonsense,
ck is read as a hard "to": drücken [dryuken] - to crush,
qu is read as "kv": Quatsch [kvach] - nonsense,
The suffix -tion (always stressed) is read as a cross between "zion" and "zion": Station [station] - station.

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Vowel combinations

ei reads like "ay": Weimar [Weimar] (name of a city in Germany),
ie is read as a long "and": Liebe [libe] - love,
eu reads like "oh": heute [hoyte] - today,
äu is also read as "oh": Häuser [häuser] - at home.

stress in German words almost always falls on the first syllable except:
1) words with unstressed prefixes (be-, ge-, er-, ver-, zer-, ent-, emp-, miss-);
2) borrowed words (Computer);
3) some other exceptions (for example, warum).

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If you've ever been stuck with one old newspaper, you can stop wasting your time and pick one from here. All this always takes place in a relaxed tone and in that part of the personality that is so lacking in the newspapers "big and serious." Reading a celebrity magazine may not be exactly your ideal reading. but have you ever considered using it as a source for your German lessons?

If the syllable ends in a consonant, then the vowel in it will be short, if it ends in a vowel, then it will be long:
da (long "a") - das (short "a").
However, the syllable has a consonant at the end (and according to the rule above it must be short), but in the plural form of this word the syllable opens, then it will be long:
Tag (day) - Ta-ge (days), gut (good) - gu-te (good), kam (came) - ka-men (came).

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In this case, the combination of consonants also leads to a short syllable:
kochen (cook), backen (oven), waschen (wash).

In a number of invariable monosyllabic words ending in "r", the syllable is long:
wer (who), er (he), der (definitive article), nur (only), mir (for me), dir (for you) …
Longitude can be expressed by doubling the vowel, for example:
Tee (tea).

Quite often, longitude is indicated by the letter "h" (which itself is not pronounced at the same time), compare: in - ihn. Sometimes this "h" is redundant, since without it it would be pronounced for a long time, but it is preserved due to historical tradition: gehen (to go), nahm (to take).

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If a word or word root begins with a vowel, then it is pronounced with a strained, abrupt sound ("hard attack"):
"alles (everything)," und (and), "ich (I)," Esel (donkey), ver "arbeiten (recycle).

You do not need to pronounce e at the end -en:
machen (to do) - read: "mahn".

The sound x, as you already know, is transmitted by the letter combination ch. If before ch there is any "narrow" (pronounced by a narrow mouth) vowel (i, e, ö, ü), double vowel eu (oh) or consonant l, n, r, then this letter combination is pronounced softly - x ".
ich (I) - ich, richtig (correct) - richtich, sprechen (speak) - spreh "en, euch (you, you) - oh"), solche (such) - zolch "e.
Note that -ig (at the end of a word) is pronounced ih.

So, did you like our tips from German sites?

Do you know other really fun places to practice reading in German? Share with us in the comments! Do the Germans also speak a dialect as a family? But this does not mean that all Germans speak the dialect in Switzerland as they do in Switzerland. In fact, most of the time they speak an intermediate language, willingly tinged with dialectal inflections, but above all break syntactically with Hochdeutsch's purely straitjacket, which is terribly restrictive. French defined the determiner after the definite: "Coffee cup".

The consonants p, t, k are aspirated:
Peter, Tee, Kaffee.

Voiced consonants at the end of a word are stunned (as in Russian: oak is read dup, but not like in English: dog):
Tag, gab (gave), Hund (dog).

The voiced consonants are generally not as voiced as in Russian, but somewhat muffled. They need to be pronounced weakly, without pressure:
sehen (see), Gott (God), Beeren (berries).

If you apply this principle to sentence structure, you get an accumulation of elements responsible for defining what is only later formulated. On the part of the speaker, this requires iron discipline. That's why TV news anchors tend to read their text: it's hard to improvise correctly in Hochdeutsch.

Moreover, this syntactic structure limits the spontaneity of the exchange, because it obliges the interlocutor to wait until the end of the sentence in order to know what is being said. it the right thing for conversation: interrupt his face in front of? In the ears of the German language, the French are people who all speak at the same time. But if they can afford to be interrupted, it is because they develop in a syntactic structure where the primary meaning is put in from the beginning and the accessory follows.

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December 27, 2012 (12:00:48)


A [a], O [o], E [e], U [y], I [and] are read like this, everything is simple here.
Vowels are pronounced short or long (more on that below).

The vowels Ö and Ü with umlaut (Umlaut - two dots above the letter on top) are pronounced with a narrower mouth (with less opening of the lips) than their corresponding vowels without umlaut:
schon [shon] (already) - schön [shen] (fine), Zug [tsug] (train) - Züge [tsyuge] (trains).

Thus, the "chirping" of the French salons, boasted by Mme. de Stael, is that the speaker's steps seem to lift a ball, in a circulating speech in a spirit of connivance. The history of Khochdeyets is complex. This comes from Luther's translation through the Gospels. We are dealing with the grammaticalization of a dialect, but with the help of ancient Greek. In short, we can say that before he was accepted as national language, Hochdeuch was a literary and then an administrative language, but did not actually speak.

Every language you write has a special relationship to reality. And the preferred instrument of this "will" is syntax. What does this German quirk mean to put a verb at the end of a sentence? She says the verb is important. This indicates that the verbal action, the final element of the chain of successive definitions, carries the entire utterance. On the contrary, the Latin phrase is conceived from the subject on which the rest of the utterance rests. There is an equivalence relation with an attribute that is consistent with gender and number: "The woman is great."

"a="" umlaut="" m="">Y (yupsilon) is read as "yu": Lyrik [lurik] - lyrics.

Consonants

W [ve] is read as "in": was? [you] - what?
Z…">

Typically, the study foreign languages it's good to start from the very basics, i.e. with alphabet and reading rules. The German language is no exception. German alphabet , like English, is based on the Latin alphabet, but it also has some differences that you need to know.

Between them, the "auxiliary" plays the subordinate role of the ligament. In German, the verb is much stronger. We say "great woman", which suggests something like the verb "great being", in which the attribute in French has an adverbial function. This corresponds to an essentially dynamic reality. We are dealing with two mental universes that emphasize one movement and the other is about localization. Schematically, it can be said that the principle of spatiality is central in regions where the sun is male and the view is clear.

So, german alphabet has 26 letters. Umlauts (vowels with dots, for example: Ä-ä, Ü-ü, Ö-ö) and the ß ligature are considered a distinctive feature. Visually it looks like this:

German alphabet pronunciation

Knowing just the alphabet is not enough, since in some combinations not all letters are read the way they are written. Here are some solid rules for reading German:

In Germany, in the north in general, fog covers the visual perception. Especially in the deep forest, hearing dominates. The ear observes the sounds that develop from one moment to the next. Let's just say that German is a language that has fully put forward its own principle of consistency. Take the metaphorical horizon of the word "belonging": in French, it evokes an apartment. The relation to the real passes through hearing. This is why music is one of the main contributions of German speakers to universal culture.

With speculative philosophy, which is its consequence. Hegel's "logic" can indeed be seen as the equivalent of a continuous German phrase that lines up all the possible elements of the verb "to be". There is the same concern for exhaustion in the treatment of the musical theme of the classical sonata. "Would the Germans be more prone to action than the French?".

Rules for reading individual letters:

s= [h] Before vowels. S ofa, s oh, S onne
s= [s] At the end of a word/syllable. W as, d as, H aus
ß = [s] short Unreadable like the double "s" in the word "cash"! gro ß , Fu ß ball, blo ß
h= [exhale] At the beginning of a word or syllable, it is read as a light exhalation. After a vowel, it is not readable, but gives longitude to the vowel sound. H anna, h aben, h elfen, wo h in S eh en, ih m, B ah n h of
y= ["soft" y] Something between "u" and "u" as in the word m Yu if t y pisch, G y mnastik
r= ["burry" p] At the beginning of a word or syllable. R enate, R egel, R epublik, ge r adeaus
r= [a] At the end of a word or syllable. wi r, mi r, ve r Gessen, Zimme r
x= [ks] Te x t,bo x en
v= [f] In most cases. v iel, v erstehen, v or
v= [in] in borrowings. V erb, V ase
w=[in] W oh, w ir, W ohnung, W inter
c= [s] in borrowed words. C ity
c=[k] in borrowed words. C afe, C computer
ä = [e] As in the word " uh ra" H ä nde, kl ä ren
ö ["soft" o] As in the word "m yo d". K ö nnen, K ö ln, Ö sterreich
ü ["soft" y] As in the word "m Yu if". m ü de, m ü ssen, f ü nf

Longitude and shortness of vowels:

We see this in the global economic arena, where they are very relevant. Why are French manufacturers so weak in exports? They're too good in the Hexagon, it's the perfect space! You also speak French, which is an "allusive" and "densified" language.

English has something in common with French, which was formed with the help of the court. Hence its idiomatic character: when someone asks why, in English, such a thing is called that way, one answers you "because it is". There is no rule, it is necessary to control the convention, which changes depending on the environment in which the social hierarchy is reflected. French, to a lesser extent, has the same idiomatic character, German is not at all: socially it is a language that is clearly more balanced.

a, e, i, o, u, ä, ö, ü= , , , , , [ ɛː ], [ øː ] [ ] [: ] = longitudesound In an open or conditionally closed syllable (i.e., when the form of the word changes, the syllable may again become open). Longitude and brevity of sound affect the meaning of the word! m a len, l e Sen, Masch i ne, r o t, d u,g u t, sp ä t,b ö se, m ü de
ah,eh,ih,oh,uh, ah, öh, uh = [a:],[e:],[i:],[o:],[u:], [ɛː], [ øː] [ yː] [: ] = longitudesound W Ah l, s eh en, ih n, w Oh nen, K uh, Z Ah ne, S oh ne, fr uh
aa, ee, oo= , , [: ] = longitudesound S aal, S ee, B oo t

We read the following combinations like this:

ch= [hard "x"] Bu ch, ma ch en, la ch en
ch= [xx] Before "i" and "e". Ich, m ich, r ech ts
sch= [w] Sch ule, Ti sch, sch reiben
ck= [k] le ck er, Sche ck,
chs= [ks] se chs, wa chs en
ph= [f] Ph oto, Ph ysik
qu= [kv] Q adrat, Q elle
th= [t] Th eater, Th ema
tsch= [h] Tsch echien, deu tsch
tion= [qion] Funk tion, Product tion
pf= [pf] pf erd, pf ennig
sp= [wn] At the beginning of words and syllables. sp ort, sp rechen
st= [pcs] At the beginning of words and syllables. St unde, ver st ehen
ng= [nasal n] The letter "g" is not readable, while the sound "n" is pronounced in the nose. Ubu ng, bri ng en, si ng en
ig= [uh] richt ig, wich ig

Rules for reading diphthongs (double vowels)

But why do you say French is "condensed"? The character of a courtier is to speak of things to the "wise". The great feat of Princess Cleves is to evoke love for love without explicitly stating it. The consequence of this half-word culture is that from Montaigne to Madame de la Fayette, tens of thousands of words have been abolished. Racine writes his tragedies in 1500 words. "Ardor" is used to mean many different things: from love to hate, through courage to fight. That's why some say that French is the closest European language to the Chinese.

ei= [ai] m ei n, s ei n, Arb ei t, Ei
ai= [ai] M ai, M ai n
ie= [and] long Br ie f, h ie r,
eu= [oh] N eu, d eu tsch, Eu ro
au= [oh] R au me, H au ser
au= [ay] H au s, br au n

Well, we figured out a little with the rules of reading. I would also like to give advice on pronunciation in German. But this is in other articles on our site.