L .: Education, 1997. - 2 48 p.
The manual consists of three sections. The first outlines the basic information on general phonetics and phonetics of the German language and gives guidelines. The second section consists of phonetic exercises arranged according to the degree of increasing difficulty. In the third section, with the help of various exercises, the previously covered material is systematized and the transition from the pronunciation of individual words to the pronunciation of phrases and coherent text is provided. A significant place is occupied by speech exercises with emphasis on the pronunciation aspect. The manual is intended for students of the first course of pedagogical institutes.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Foreword, ........ 3
P a rt I
Basic information on general phonetics and phonetics of the German language
Chapter I. Brief information on general phonetics, 5
§ 1#/Subject of the science of phonetics.,.,., *-
§ 2. The value of the science of phonetics ...,. , -
§ 3. Some information from acoustics. . .9 6
§ 4. The structure of the pronunciation apparatus and the work of its organs .........., .., 7
§ 5. Classification of sounds.,...,.., 10
§6. general characteristics vowels.,..,..., "*-
§ 7. General characteristics of consonants. . . . , 12
§ 8. Transcription...,.,. , fourteen
§ 9. Phoneme. , -
§ 10. Articulation base.-. . , 17
§ 11. Literary norm.",.., 18
§ 12. Styles of pronunciation.,..., 19
Chapter II. German vowels 20
§ 13. The composition and classification of the phonemes of the German language ... -
§ 14. The main properties of the vowels of the German language in comparison with the vowels of the Russian language *, 22
§ 15. Vowels [a], [a] 24
| 16. Vowels [and:], [and]. . . .25
§ 17. Vowels [o:], [e] ..,..,.,. 26
§ 18. Vowels, [i]. 28
§ 19. Vowels ,je] ....... 30
§ 20. Vowel [e:]..,.,.,.,.,.. 32
§ 21. Vowel ["U" .... ". . . . -
§ 22. Vowels [y:], [y] 33
§ 23. Vowels, [se] ..... 34
§ 24. Diphthongs [ae], [ao], Ы], . .35
§ 25. Non-syllabic vowels [i], [u] ..,., ", 36
§ 26. Nasal vowels [a":], [e~], o:], [ce:] ........ **
Chapter III. German consonants.,.,.,..,♦.. -
§ 27. The composition and classification of consonant phonemes of the German language ....,.., -
§ 28. The main properties of the consonants of the German language. » 39
§ 29. Consonants [p], [b], 40
§ 30. Consonants [t], [d]... # ., f ., # # . -
§ 31. Consonants [k], [g]. . . , 41
§ 32. Consonants [t], [n], [n].,., -
§ 33. Consonants, [v] 43
§ 34. Consonants [s], [z]. f ,..., f . , * -
.§ 35. Consonants [j], ........... 44
§ 36. Consonant [h] ..,...,., . . ♦ 45
§ 37. Consonant [x], # -
§ 38,-Consonants [J], .............. 46
§ 39. Consonant ........ ■ 46
§ 40. Consonant [R], [r], . » . 47
§ 41. Affricates , , , 49
Chapter IV. Sounds in the flow of speech...,.,.,..,-, -»
§ 42. Syllable, -*
§ 43. Stress in the word 52
§ 44. Assimilation 54
§ 45. Alternation of phonemes, "..,.. 57
Chapter V. Intonation,..,. 58
§ 46. General remarks. # , -
§ 47. Phrase stress 59
§ 48. Division of the proposal. 63
§ 49. Melodika ......, 65
Chapter VI. Reading rules, 75
§ 50. Graphic representation of the longitude and shortness of vowels. . . . , -
§ 5h Basic rules for consonant graphics., 77
§ 52-. Vowel table "From sound to letter" .,"., 79
§ 53. Table of consonants "From sound to letter" ...... 80
§ 54. Exceptions to the rules for reading long and short sounds ..,.....,.,.,. 82
§ 55. Table "From letter to sound". , f 83
Part II Exercises for an introductory phonetic course
Lesson I. Consonants [s], [z], [v], [f], [b], [p], [d], [t], , .
Vowels, [i] ............. G. 86
Lesson II. Vowels [e], [h] -.
Lesson III. Vowels. Sonants [t], [n]. .87
Lesson IV. Vowels [y:], [y]. Consonants [k], [g] , . -*
Lesson V. Vowels [o:], \se]. Consonant [J] 88
Lesson VI. Consonants [c], [j] 89
Lesson VII. Vowels [a], [a]. Consonant [h] ......... -
Lesson VIII. Diphthong [ae]. Sonant [r], [R] 90
Lesson IX. Vowels [and:] GM. » 91
Lesson X. Sonant [p]. , . . # , 92
Lesson XI. Sonant 93
Lesson XII. Vowels [o:], [o]. Consonant [x], . 94
Lesson XIII. Consonant [x], . -
Lesson XIV. Diphthongs [ao], [eo]. Affricate .«.,., 95
Lesson XV. Semi-long vowels ^ ....... , 96
Lesson XVI. Word stress. Unstressed article. Absence of assimilation by voicing. Solid attack of vowels. ......,. -
Lesson XVII. Graphics of consonant sounds ........... 98
Lesson XVIII. Vowel graphics. Designation of long and short vowels, 99
Lesson XIX. Designation of longitude and shortness of vowels .... 102
Lesson XX. Letters e, a, D .. Vowels [e:], [e], [e:], , [i]. Intonation of declarative sentences consisting of one syntagma.,,.,..,.,..,.,. SW
Lesson XXI. Diphthongs, their graphic representation. Letter combination for her. Intonation of declarative sentences 105
Lesson XXII. Letter combinations ck, tz, sch. Consonants [k], , [j]. Intonation of narrative sentences 107
Lesson XXIII. Letter combinations pi, tsch, ph, qu, ng. Consonants [рП, , [f], [g]. Intonation of declarative sentences consisting of two syntagmas. 108
Lesson XXIV. Alternation of voiceless and voiced consonants. Designation of deaf and voiced consonants with one letter. Intonation of declarative sentences 110
Lesson XXV. Letter c. Letter combination ch. Consonants [s], [x], [k], , .]. Intonation of interrogative sentences
without question word 111
Lesson XXVI. Letter combination ch. Consonants [d], [x]. Intonation of interrogative sentences with the interrogative word FROM
Lesson XXVII. Letter s. Letter 6. Consonants [s], [z]. Intonation of interrogative sentences (generalization). ..... 114
Lesson XXVIII. Letter g. Consonants, 117
Lesson XXX. Letter j. Letter p. Consonants fj], [n], , , [v], [f]. Vowels [y:], [U] - Intonation various kinds^suggestions. , 119
III. Teil Obungen zur Entwicklung der Aussprachefertigkeiten
Melodierung#121
Wortakzentuierung 124
1. Betonung in deutschen Wortern -
2. Betonung in Fremdwortern 127
3. Betonung in Abkurzungen 128
4. Worter mit zwei akzentuierten Silben -
Satzakzent 129
Intonation der einzelnen Satzarten 137
1. Entscheidungsfragen -
2. Erganzungsfragen 139
3. Nachfrage (wiederholte Frage), 141
4. Gegliederter Ausspruch. , 144
Text interpretation » , 147
Texte zum Vorlesen \ . . 153
Positionsbedingte Veranderungen der Sprachlaute 155
Vokaleinsatz. . -
Unbetonte Vokale in offenen Silben 157
Konsonantenwechsel" und Assimilation der Konsonanten ... 159
Der Sprechapparat 160
Einzelne Sprachlaute"
I Vokale 161
Orthographische Bezeichnung der Vokalkurze und -lange 162
Vordere Vokale der hohen Zungenstellung 165
Hintere Vokale der hohen Zungenstellung 175
Vordere Vokale der mittleren Zungenstellung, 179
Hintere Vokale der mittleren Zungenstellung 190
Vokale der tiefen Zungenstellung. / 194
Diphtonge 196
II. Konsonanten. . . 200
Lippenlaute [p], [b] 201
Alveolare Vorderzungenlaute [t], [d], [s], [z], [j], . . . . 204
Hinterzungenlaute [k], [g], [x] 214
Mittelzungenlaute [c], [j] 219
Laryngal-pharyngaler Konsonant [h] . . 223
Labiale Dentallaute [f], [v] 226
Sonanten , , [g], [r] 230
Affrikaten , , 240
First consonant movement
One of the early stages, which led to the allocation of phonetic features in the Proto-Germanic language, is otherwise called the first movement of consonants. As a result of this process, a number of consonants of the Proto-Indo-European language moved into those closer to Germanic, highlighting the latter as a characteristic of a completely different language branch. So, deaf plosives p, t, k, kʷ switched to fricatives f, þ, h, hw. In turn, voiced b, d, g, gʷ went to the deaf p, t, k, kʷ. Finally, aspirants bʰ, dʰ, gʰ, gʷʰ began to be pronounced as voiced b, d, g, gw. These changes became the reason for the formation of the morphological features of the Proto-Germanic language.
Second consonant movement
The next stage in the formation of phonetics became decisive for the selection of the Old High German language, which is the ancestor of the modern literary German language. Consequently, his phonetics became the foundation for modern German phonetics. The driving force behind the new metamorphosis was the second consonant shift. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that this process did not affect all Germanic languages, but only that part of them, which today is located in the High German dialect zone, including the southern parts of the Frankish dialect. There is no influence of the second movement in Low German.
The changes that occurred as a result of this process affected the stops p, t, k, which, depending on the position in the word, formed sibilants f", s, h or affricates pf, ts, kh. Another group of vowels that have undergone changes include the Germanic fricatives ƀ/b, đ/d, ǥ/g, þ that became explosive p, t, k, d in Old High German.
Phonetics of the German language of the Middle Ages and modern times
Changes in the phonetic structure of New High German
Despite the existence of relatively unified rules for phonetics, a phonological system and orthoepic rules, in German-speaking countries they continue to neglect the "ideals of pronunciation", using local more familiar rules, which is typical for pluricentric languages. German pronunciation in Germany it is still considered common, which is associated with a greater number of native speakers using this particular pronunciation, and the greater influence of German television and radio broadcasting. However, in Germany itself, depending on the land, pronunciation varies, which complicates the task of determining reference rules. Below is a brief description of phonetics and phonology according to the general rules of Germany.
Sound system
In the sound structure of the German language, two main subsystems should be distinguished - vowels and consonants. The former are divided into monophthongs and diphthongs, that is, single and double vowels. The latter are divided into consonants proper and affricates, which are a combination of two consonants.
Vowel sounds
German phonetics has a fairly complex system of vowel sounds, consisting of 16 phonemes. All of them are transmitted by the corresponding letters - a, e, i, o, u, ä, ö and ü . Loanwords and proper names also use the letter y and less often é . Depending on the longitude of the vowel, pairs are distinguished: /aː/ and /a/, /eː/ and /ɛ/, /iː/ and /ɪ/, /oː/ and /ɔ/, /uː/ and /ʊ/, /ɛː / and /ɛ/, /øː/ and /œ/, as well as /yː/ and /ʏ/ .
| Phoneme | Characteristic | Sound |
|---|---|---|
| /a/ | a short, unrounded front down or back down vowel as in a word K a mm | |
| /aː/ | (long,) unrounded low front or back vowel as in the word k a m | |
| /ɛ / | short, unrounded mid-low front vowel as in the word St e lle | [ɛ ] |
| /ə / | a short, unrounded front vowel of mid-low rise or schwa as in the word bitt e | [ɛ ]/[ə ] |
| /ɛː / | long, unrounded mid-low or mid-high front vowel as in the word K ä se | [ɛː ]/ |
| /eː/ | (long,) unrounded mid-high front vowel as in words st eh len | |
| /ɪ / | short, unstressed, unrounded front vowel of the upper rise, as in the word M i tte | [ɪ ] |
| /iː/ | (long,) unrounded high front vowel as in the word M ie te | |
| /ɔ / | short, rounded mid-low back vowel as in the word o ffen | [ɔ ] |
| /oː/ | (long,) rounded mid-high back vowel as in words O fan or R o man | |
| /œ / | short, rounded mid-low front vowel as in the word H ö lle | [œ ] |
| /øː / | (long,) rounded mid-high front vowel as in words H ö hle or Ö dem | [ø(ː) ] |
| /ʊ / | short, relaxed, rounded back vowel of the upper rise, as in the word M u ter | [ʊ ] |
| /uː/ | (long,) rounded high back vowel as in words M u t or K u h | |
| /ʏ / | short, relaxed, rounded front vowel of the upper rise, as in the word m ü ssen | [ʏ ] |
| /yː/ | (long,) rounded high front vowel as in words m ü ßig or Ph y sik |
Consonants
There are 25 consonant phonemes in German. Phonemes are divided into pairs, similar in place and method of formation, but different in terms of sonority. These are the pairs /p-b, t-d, k-ɡ, s-z, ʃ-ʒ/, and in some cases /tʃ ͡-dʒ ͡, f-v/. Voiceless explosive consonants /p, t, k/ in most variants have different aspiration depending on the position in the word: at the beginning of the word it is strongest (for example, Taler[ˈtʰaːlɐ]), in the middle in the absence of stress is weaker ( Vater[ˈfaːtʰɐ]) and weakest at the end ( Saat). In combinations /ʃt, ʃp/ there is no aspiration ( Stein[ʃtaɪ̯n], Spur[ʃpuːɐ̯]). Voiced /b, d, ɡ, z, ʒ/ are stunned in South German dialects, while additional signs are applied to them in transcription.
| Sound | Characteristic | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ʔ | Voiceless guttural plosive, a characteristic feature of German pronunciation; as an independent sound in German phonetics is rarely considered. | beachten/bəˈʔaxtən/ |
| b | Voiced labiolabial plosive; in southern dialects it is stunned (). | B iene/ˈbiːnə, b̥iːnə/, a b er/ˈaːbər, ˈaːb̥ər/ |
| ç | Deaf palatal spirant, is an allophone of the sound [x]. Occurs after front vowels or after consonants, in a diminutive suffix -chen[çən]. | I ch /ɪç /, Fur ch t/fʊrct/, Frau ch en/fra͡ʊçən/ |
| d | Voiced alveolar plosive, in the southern versions it is stunned (). | d ann/dan, d̥an/, La d en/ˈlaːdən, laːd̥ən/ |
| d͡ʒ | The voiced postalveolar affricate, occurs only in words of foreign origin, and merges with in southern variants. | Dsch ungel/ˈd͡ʒʊŋəl/ |
| f | Voiceless labiodental spirant | V ogel/ˈfoːɡəl/, Ha f en/ˈhaːfən/ |
| ɡ | Voiced velar plosive, in the southern versions it is pronounced dully ([ ɡ̊ ]) | G anɡ/ˈɡaŋ, ɡ̊aŋ/, La g er/ˈlaːɡər, laːɡ̊ər/ |
| h | Voiceless glottal fricative consonant | H aus/ha͡ʊs/, U h u/ˈuːhu/ |
| j |
Characteristic features of German intonation
The concept of intonation includes, first of all, the rhythm of speech and melody.
For German speech, the most important point intonation is not a melody, but a special, peculiar rhythm that sharply distinguishes German speech from Russian. This rhythm is determined by the following points:
A sharp emphasis on stressed syllables, which are pronounced with much more force than Russians.
The muffledness of unstressed syllables, which are pronounced much weaker in German than in Russian.
The presence of long and short vowels.
The presence of a hard attack before vowels.
Breathing voiceless consonants.
All these moments give the German speech abruptness and sharpness, while the Russian speech sounds smooth and somewhat melodious.
When learning the German language, it is also necessary to monitor the correct arrangement of pauses in a sentence and the stress both in a word and in a sentence.
Components of intonation
PAUSES In speech, pauses can be longer or shorter. Longer pauses occur at the end of a sentence. Shorter pauses occur between groups of words that are syntactically related. Within a syntactic group, a pause is not allowed.
It is impossible to separate the article, the demonstrative and possessive place-property or the preposition from the noun, as well as the preposition from the article with a pause.
By using phrasal stress words that are especially important in semantic terms are highlighted. This is also the case in Russian
ACCENT ke, only phrasal stress in German is accompanied by a greater rise in voice than in Russian. Under stress-em most often stand nouns and independent verbs.
Functional words: article, preposition, as well as personal pronouns, as a rule, are unstressed.
Under word stress is understood as the selection of one of the syllables of the word in relation to other syllables of this word. A stressed syllable differs from an unstressed syllable in greater force, a change in pitch, and a longer duration.
The stress in German root words in most cases falls on the first syllable of the root: die ′Zeitung, die ′Lehrerin.
In words with separable verb prefixes, the stress always falls on the prefix, for example: ′ an fangen, ′ aus gehen, ′ ein nehmen.
In words with inseparable prefixes er-, ver-, zer-, be-, ge-, ent-, emp-, miß- the stress always falls on the root of the word: er′zählen, be′schreiben.
The suffixes are always stressed: - tä t, - tion, - ie, - ei: die Faku'ltät, die Indust'rie, die Par'tei, die Na'tion.
The suffix is almost always stressed - ik: die Mathema'tik (excl. 'Technik).
Compound words have two stresses in German: main and secondary. In compound words, the main stress always falls on the first word, the subsequent parts of the compound word carry a secondary stress:
der' Lese saal, das Ma′ schinen bauwerk.
Before saying the first german word, you need to know some very important rules of German phonetics. These are the basic rules for pronunciation.
The first rule, it is the most important thing: despite all the seeming abruptness of German speech, the muscles of the organs of articulation (tongue, palate, cheeks, chin, etc.) should be relaxed. Be especially careful not to tense your chin. Previously studied English language at first it is very difficult, they quickly get tired, they begin to strain their chin muscles, actively articulate with their lips and, as a result, German sounds immediately turn into English ones.
Second no less important rule: the tongue should lie at the lower row of teeth in a relaxed state and only make active movements when pronouncing sounds (mostly the middle and back parts of the tongue work), each time returning to the main position, and also read in the topic Phonetics.
These first two rules are fulfilled unconditionally. If you forget about them even for a second, consider that your pronunciation is ruined in the bud.
The next rule: open vowels [a], [o], [u] and some others that we have yet to get to know are pronounced freely in the larynx. At the same time, the tongue does not tense up and does not come off the lower row of teeth, i.e. is in its original position. We, Russian speakers, have bronchial breathing, as if we are pulling air out of the upper part of the lungs. The Germans, on the other hand, have diaphragmatic breathing - a sharp exhalation follows and, in combination with a bow in the larynx (cough), speech acquires a stop-explosive, rolling character.
The lips do not press against the teeth, but, on the contrary, are separated from the teeth and do not make active articulatory movements, as, for example, in English or French. The basic position of the lips is like that of a duck's beak.
Speak German with your mouth wide open, with active jaw movement, especially when pronouncing open vowels. Never speak with clenched teeth.
And one more important rule: the articulation setting is always ahead of the sound. That is, first put the articulation organs in their original position and only after that start pronouncing the word. The movement of the organs of articulation must precede the sound.
Now let's move on to reading. If the beginning of learning English is unthinkable without learning the alphabet, then the alphabet is not so important for the German language - almost all letters are read the same as in Latin, many are pronounced the same as in Russian. But letter combinations play an extremely important role in the German language.
We'll start with numbers. Knowing the numerals is useful in itself, but they will also help us get acquainted with almost all German letter combinations.
The letter combination "ei" is always read as "ai" [áj], and the sound “a” is short and percussive, and “j” is exceptionally strong.
In the transcription, the sign of the Russian inactive “y” was specially replaced with a stronger “j”.
1 - eins [ájns]
2 - zwei [color]
3 - drei [draj]
The letter combination “ie” is read as a single long sound. Pronounce it with a little pressure.
4 - vier [vir]
7 - sieben [zibn]
6 - sechs [zeks] - briefly, abruptly, the jaw jerked down almost convulsively, but the mouth opened wide enough. The letter combination "chs" is read as .
And now pay attention: we read the letter “s” in numbers 6 and 7 as “z”. Why? - There is a rule:
The letter “s” at the beginning of a word and followed by a vowel is read as “z”.
5 - funf [funf]. Ü is one of the heaviest sounds in German. It is similar to Russian “yu”, but “yu” consists of two sounds: “j” and “u”; in German, “ü” does not have yot. For correct pronunciation, put your lips in the way you usually pronounce the sound “u” (lips like a duck!), but pronounce “e” - briefly and abruptly: fünf! In this case, the jaw should jerk sharply, almost nervously down.
8 - acht [aht], ch - read as "x".
Attention! The sound [t] should not resemble the sound “h” or English [t], i.e. when pronouncing this sound, you can not raise the tip of the tongue. - On the contrary, the tip of the tongue presses down on the alveoli of the lower row of teeth.
9 - neun [nójn], letter combination eu - always read as “oj”, where the stressed “o” is read briefly, abruptly, and “j” is strong and long.
Remember: the sound "o" in German is not distorted! In Russian, the words “milk”, “bell tower”, etc. we pronounce something like this: “mylako”, “kylakolnya”. For a German, this is unacceptable: where the letter “o” is written, the German will “issue” a clear sound “o”.
11 - elf [elf]. The “L” sound in German is always soft!
Although the “L” sound is soft, it is impossible to soften the subsequent vowel, especially the “o” sound. For example, the word lassen cannot be read as [lyasn] or [lasn], - first a soft “L” follows, followed by a clear “a” sound - [lásn], but you cannot break the word when pronouncing [l-asn]. Another example is the verb loben. It is unacceptable to pronounce [lobn] or [lebn], only [lóbn] - in a single word, without breaking it.
Attention: Z is the letter "ts" always and everywhere!
12 - zwölf [zwölf] The sound “ö”, unlike the Russian “ё”, is a little harder.
10 - zehn [zein] - In this word, the letter “h” is an unpronounceable sign of longitude.
13 - dreizehn [draj zein]
14 - vierzehn [fir Zein]
15 - funfzehn [fuenf zein]
18 - achtzehn [ah zein]
19 - neunzehn [nojn zein]
As you can see, the technique for forming numbers from 13 to 19 is simple: drei + zehn = dreizehn, with the stress on the first syllable. Only the numerals 16 and 17 have some peculiarities in pronunciation:
16 - sechzehn [zechzein]
17 - siebzehn [zibzein]
Now let's compare: in the numeral 8 - acht we pronounced the letter combination ch as [x], and in 16 - sechzehn softly [x]. Why? It's simple: after the open sounds [a], [o], [u] follows a relatively free sound [x]: Buch [boom], Achtung [áhtung], and after the clamped [i] and [e] the same clamped sound follows [hh]: ich [hhh], echt [ehht], etc. But instead of “x”, you should never pronounce “u”.
The length and brevity of vowel pronunciation plays an important role in the German language. It has meaningful meaning. There are rules that prescribe where to read briefly and where to read long. Remember the most important thing:
A short sound is always the one that precedes a cluster of consonants, from two or more: Zimmer, alle, Tisch, zwitschern ...
And the second rule:
Long is always the sound depicted in writing with a double vowel: Saal, Moor, Meer ..., as well as if the vowel is written with a longitude sign h and followed by a consonant: Ahn, Ohr, Uhr, Ehre ...
Let's continue reading, taking into account the rules of brevity and longitude.
Das Zimmer [zimmer] room
das Regal [regal] regiment
das fenster [fenster] window
das Buch [boo] book
das Bild [bilt] picture
das Sofa [sofa] sofa
das Telefon [t´elefon] phone
das Tonbandgerät [ton bant geret] tape recorder (Letter ä - [e])
Die Wohnung [wohnung] apartment
die Lampe [lampe] lamp
die Uhr [u:r] clock
die Tür [tyr] door
die Wand [guy] wall
die Ecke [eke] corner
Numerals from 20 to 90 are read as follows:
40 - vierzig [firtsikh]
50 - funfzig [funzich]
60 - sechzig [zekhtsikh]
70 - siebzig [zibzig]
80 - achtzig [ahtsikh]
90 - neunzig [nójntsikh]
Attention! The ending -ig reads like [ih], for example, richtig [richtikh], wichtig [wihtikh].
The letter "ß" is pronounced like "s", vowels before this letter are always read for a long time. For example, groß, Straße, Fuß, etc.
The following numbers: 100 - einhundert [hundert], 200 - zweihundert, 300 - dreihundert, etc. 1000 - eintausend [taozent].
Those who have previously studied English should remember that in German, according to the law of final consonant stunning, the letter “d” at the end of a word is read as [ t ].
Excerpt from the book " German. 30 lessons from zero to perfection" Alexander Bogdanov
