| Aa[a] | Jj [Ʒ] | Ss [s], see 10 |
| Bb[b] | Kk [k] | Tt [t], see 35 |
| Cc cm.12 | Ll [l] cm.6 | Uu[y] |
| Dd[d] | mm [m] | Vv[v] |
| Ee see 24-26, 36 | Nn [n] | Ww[v] |
| Ff[f] | Oo[o] | Xx cm.11 |
| Gg cm.13 | Pp[p] | Yy [i], see 28 |
| Hh is unreadable | Qq see 17 | Zz[z] |
| Ii [i], see 18 | Rr [r] |
In addition to letters from the alphabet, a number of letters with various superscript and subscript marks are used:
How to Print French Badges
Reading rules
1. The stress in a word always falls on the last syllable.
2. The words at the end are not readable: “ e, t, d, s, x, z, p, g” (except for some exceptions), as well as letter combinations “ es, ts, ds, ps”: rose, nez, climat, trop, heureux, nid, sang; roses, nids, cadets.
There are several channels through which one, self-taught, can improve his French pronunciation. Because it is pronunciation that is the linguistic aspect of our neighbors that the Spaniards resist the most. This is quite rare considering that, like Castilian, French comes from Latin; in addition to being the second most studied language in Spain. And, of course, we cannot allow this to continue.
Special cases of reading consonants
To do this, we have collected in this article a number of tips that will help you speak French better. Some commandments you need to follow to improve your mastery of this language. Even more so if you put these tips into practice using native; either through a French course abroad or with some of best networks social language. So, without further ado, we present our commandment chart to learn how to pronounce French.
3. The endings of verbs are not read “ -ent”: ils parlent.
4. At the end of the word the “r” after the “e” is not readable (- er): parler.
Exceptions: in some nouns and adjectives, for example: hiver , cher [ʃ ɛ: r] mer ,hier ,fer ,ver .
A letter that can cause some problems because it has two different tones. On the other hand, without an accent, it is mute at the end of a word, and at the beginning or in the middle it sounds like a mixture of e and o. And these are just some of the features this letter represents! Attention to the third letter of the dictionary.
Well, you know you're not doing it wrong because that's what it's supposed to sound like. Take a look and find your language course both in Spain and abroad. This commandment is very easy to learn and remember. Although we already talked about e, the truth is that when it comes to French, you have to pay attention to all the vowels.
5. The end of the word is unreadable “ c” after nasal vowels: un banc.
6. Letter “ l” always reads softly.
7. Voiced consonants are always pronounced clearly and are not deafened at the end of a word (about phonetic assimilation in French). Unstressed vowels are pronounced clearly and are not reduced.
7º Commandment: cessation
And also some consonants!
9º Commandment: Sharp Words
In French, all words are harsh, and therefore the tonic accent falls on the last syllable. Although there are some exceptions. As we have already noted, if words end in e, this should not be expressed; therefore the accent will fall on the previous vowel. This also includes even those words that have been modified by verbal endings and plural forms.This is how words linking the last syllable to the first of the following are known in French. In this case, they must be pronounced as if they were one word. Of course, there are many other aspects of pronunciation that need to be taken into account when learning French. But for this we needed a whole chapter, not just an article! It is clear that there is nothing better than...
8. Before the consonant sounds [r], [z], [Ʒ], [v], stressed vowel sounds acquire length: base.
9. Double consonants are read as one sound: pomm e.
10. Letter “ s” between vowels gives the sound [z]: ros e .
- In other cases – [s]: ves te.
- Two "s" ( ss) are always read as [s]: class e.
11. Letter “ x” at the beginning of a word between vowels is read as: ex otique [ɛ gzotik].
Cohesion, binding and other features of French phonetics
Ho la la, this is super difficult! This is what my newbies often tell me when they open French pronunciation! When we start learning French, we notice specific sounds and spellings that are often strange! Pronunciation French letters It's not always easy, it's true! Speaking and reading French seems very difficult when you start learning French.
Some information about letters and sounds is important to start learning French. Start by watching the video and then test your understanding with the quiz. If you are no longer a beginner, you will definitely find interesting information and exercises in the second part of the article: Additional Resources.
- When not at the beginning of a word, the letter “x” is pronounced [ks]: tax i.
- In cardinal numbers it is pronounced as [s]: Six, dix .
- In ordinal numbers it is pronounced as [z]: Six ième, dix ième .
12. Letter “ c” is read as [s] before “i, e, y”: cirque.
- In other cases it gives the sound [k]: c age.
- “ç ” is always read as the sound [s]: garç on .
At the end of the word the letter “ c”
Video presentation: sounds and letters
Don't miss the document "Writing French sounds", useful for all levels! You can upload the slideshow to video! This video gives simple explanations with illustrations. This is what you will see in this video.
Quiz on video “Sounds and letters”
Additional French pronunciation resources. If you want to go beyond the videos, here are some resources: explanations and audio exercises.Special pronunciations: 1 graphic - several sounds
Audio exercises on vowel combinations Nasal vowels: 2 videos: phonetic sketch and explanations of audio courses and exercises.
- Listening test: 4 sets of 4 letters for identification.
- Listening and exercises.
- Listen.
With all the previous information, you can understand that the sound can also have several different types records.
- In most cases it is pronounced as [k]: parc.
- Not pronounced after nasal vowels - ban c and in some words ( porc, estomac [ɛstoma], tabac).
13. Letter “ g” is read as [Ʒ] before “i, e, y”: cag e.
- In other cases, the letter gives the sound [g]: gallop.
- Combination “ gu”before a vowel is read as 1 sound [g]: gu erre.
- Combination “ gn” is read as the sound [ƞ] (similar to Russian [н]): lign e.
14. Letter “ h” is never read: home, but is subdivided into h silent and h aspirated.
Here's a table with all the sounds in French and their different possible spellings. You can download this document by clicking the "Slideshow" button. . When you read French, you have to be careful. A vocal followed by a nasal consonant, in turn followed by a consonant or word-final, is a nasal vocal.
Pronunciation rules are subject to great variability depending on place and age, but the following are the rules: The following list is not intended to be strictly linguistic, but rather an intuitive guide for the Italian speaker. For example, doors, piano, dad. . These subtasks are some of the most repetitive.
15. Letter combination “ ch” gives the sound [ʃ] = Russian [ш]: ch at [ʃa].
16. Letter combination “ ph” gives the sound [f]: Ph oto.
17. Letter combination “ qu” gives 1 sound [k]: qu i.
18. Letter “ i” before a vowel and the combination “ il” after the vowel at the end of the word are read as [j]: mie l, ail.
19. Letter combination “ ill” reads like [j] (after a vowel) or (after a consonant): family e.
Vowels and letter combinations in French
As a rule, we can say that any reading must be emphasized if it is expressed. Accents are crucial to reading; in fact, it would be impossible to read French text correctly without any accents. International phonetic alphabet for correct pronunciation proposals. Most of us wonder what to do during their free time. And why not register for a course in Turkish. Here are seven reasons to learn this eastern language.
Exceptions: ville, mille, tranquille, Lille and their derivatives.
20. Letter combination “ oi” gives a semivowel sound [wa]: troi s.
21. Letter combination “ ui” gives the semivowel sound [ʮi]: hui t [ʮit].
22. Letter combination “ ou” gives the sound [u]: cou r .
If after the letter combination “ ou” is a pronounced vowel letter, it is read as [w]: jouer [Ʒ we].
Special combinations of vowels and consonants
Reason 1: Turkish language - phonetic language! Like other Turkic languages, Turkish is a completely audio language, i.e. What you hear, what you write and what you see is what you read. Therefore, forget about complex English spelling, connections in German and stubborn rules for reading Romance languages. Once you learn the alphabet and pronunciation, you can read almost anything written in Turkish!
According to the British Council's Languages of the Future report, Turkish is ranked ninth. That is, Turkish is included in the 10 best languages future. With a fast-growing economy and over 70 million markets, Türkiye is the ideal place to grow your business in the future!
23. Letter combinations “ eau”, “au” give the sound [o]: beau coup, au to.
24. Letter combinations “ eu”, “œu” and the letter e(in an open unstressed syllable) are read as [œ] / [ø] / [ǝ]: neu f, pneu, re garder.
25. Letter “ è ” and the letter “ ê ” give the sound [ɛ]: crè me, tê te.
26. Letter “ é ” reads like [e]: té lé.
Reason 3: Türkiye is a country of tourism! Türkiye, as a strong tourism destination, offers its visitors many alternatives, from the endless azure beaches of the Mediterranean Sea to spas and mountain resorts. Tourists can get acquainted with the history of the ancient cities of Ephesus and Troy, and see the natural wonders of Cappadocia and Pamukkale. And after long and tiring tours, they sit in the beautiful countryside and order in Turkish - priceless!
Reason 4: Istanbul is a city of cities! Istanbul, the largest city in Turkey, is a bridge between East and West, literally! The lexical fund of the modern Turkish literary language still contains many Arabic, Persian, French, Italian, Greek and Latin borrowings, as well as the introduction of technologies with English language. When you learn Turkish, you really help to learn other languages, and if you know some of these languages, you also know some Turkish vocabulary!
27. Letter combinations “ ai" And " ei” are read as [ɛ]: mais, beige.
28. Letter “ y” between vowels is “expanded” into 2 “i”: royal (roi – ial = [ rwa- jal]) .
- Between consonants it is read as [i]: stylo.
29. Letter combinations “ an, am, en, em” give a nasal sound [ɑ̃]: enfant [ɑ̃fɑ̃], ensemble [ɑ̃sɑ̃bl].
Reason 6: Turkish grammar! In Turkish there is no grammatical gender, no regular or irregular verbs, no infinitives, no numbered or uncountable nouns! That is, in different ways, Turkish grammar is simpler than English, German and the grammatical dictionary of Slavic languages!
Reason 7: Teach different languages! If you know French or Spanish, you will surely try to learn more languages from the Roman group because they are similar and easier! Try it differently - Turkish is a representative of the Turkic language and the language for agglutinating languages. Languages from different language families will give you a new, different understanding of another culture!
30. Letter combinations “ on, om” give a nasal sound [ɔ̃]: bon, nom.
31. Letter combinations “ in, im, ein, aim, ain, yn, ym” give a nasal sound [ɛ̃]: jardin [ Ʒardɛ̃], important [ɛ̃portɑ̃], symphonie, copain.
32. Letter combinations “ un, um” give a nasal sound [œ̃]: brun, parfum.
33. Letter combination “ oin” read [wɛ̃]: coin.
The French number system is special because it does not come from the decimal system. For ease of reference, the following table numbers of French basic numerals are given. The linker is written only between tens and ones if there is no concatenation.
The compiler does not write between hundreds, thousands and subsequent numbers. The number does not change. Do them, fuck them, they come. A final consonant is bound when the series is preceded by words beginning with a vowel or stupid.
- The final consonant is pronounced when numbers stand alone or in data.
- Six, they got them, they were ruined.
34. Letter combination “ ien” read [jɛ̃]: bien.
35. Letter “ t” gives the sound [s] before “i” + vowel: nation nal .
Exception: amitié , pitie .
- But, if the letter “t” is preceded by the letter “s”, “t” is read as [t]: question.
36. Fluent [ǝ] in the flow of speech may fall out of pronunciation or, conversely, appear where it is not pronounced in an isolated word:
They are too simple and the vocabulary is a bit primitive and demotivating. Therefore, when choosing, try to follow the challenge rule - a challenge is a book that is always higher than your knowledge foreign language. If you choose a book in a bookstore, try looking through it and try the three-way rule: if it's too easy on three pages or too heavy and you don't understand every fourth, fifth word, put it down.
Don't be afraid to rely on your feelings: if the language level of a book suits you, but you can't even follow three pages, it's better to look for another one. For the advanced, there are other options: magazines, comics, newspaper columns, blogs, or articles from the field you are dealing with. When looking for the right source, two things are important: it must be fun for you to read, and the author of the text must actually know the language in which he writes. The first assumption is quite clear: why bother with an article that bores me and does not motivate me?
Acheter, les cheveux.
In the flow of speech, French words lose their stress, uniting into groups with a common semantic meaning and a common stress on the last vowel (rhythmic groups).
Reading within a rhythmic group requires mandatory adherence to two rules: cohesion (enchainement) and binding (liaison).
a) Concatenation: the final pronounced consonant of one word forms one syllable with the initial vowel of the next word: elle aime, la salle est claire.
- th read as [t]: M Ar th e .
- e at the end of the significant parts of speech it is silent, that is, we do not read: mAdam e .
- In most cases the letter l at the end of the words we read: P аsca l.
- With reads like before e,i, y: laplAce .
In other cases With reads like [k]: laca rte la commode lac rаvate .
- Two consonants at the end of a word are always read as one: be ll e , cade tt e .
Double consonants within a word are also read as simple in most cases: bAllet .
- ch read as [ʃ]: ellemAr ch e [ε l -‘mar ʃ ].
- Before e,i, y letter g read as [ʒ]: laplAge , lAgirAfe , lagymnAstique .
In other cases g reads like: lagAre , lagrè ve .
- s between two vowels we read as: lachai s e .
In all other cases as [s]: s a weight te , elle traver s e [ ε l-tra-‘v ε rs].
- Two s I read and eat like [s]: la presse .
- s,z,t,d We don’t read the end of the word: le s éleves, très parlez, assez , chez [ ʃe] elle par t[εl-‘pa:r] le pied , tard .
- At the end of the infinitive of verbs starting with -er, the letter r unreadable: repéte r .
- With at the end of words after consonants and pure vowels we read as [k]: ave c , parc [rac].
- h never read in French, but plays a role in pronunciation.
When h, stands inside a word between vowels, they are read separately: ca h ier , tra h ir , Sa h ara
The letter h, standing at the beginning of a word before a vowel, happens:
A) h mute, with which a link is made and a vowel is dropped: ilsh applicant , l'h ectare .
b) h aspirate, before which the binding is not made and the vowel is not dropped: leh amac, lah arpe , lesh amacs , lesh arpes .
Words starting with h aspirated, are indicated in dictionaries with an asterisk: * haut.
- qu reads like [k]: lafabri qu e (la -fa -‘brik], qu itter.
- j read as [ʒ]: j edéj eune[ʒə –de -‘ʒ œn].
- f at the end of the words it reads: neu f , acti f .
- r at the end of the word it usually reads: lafleu r , leti r .
Letter r is not read at the end of the indefinite form of verbs in -er and in the vast majority of nouns and adjectives ending in — er, -ier: demour er prem ier [рrə-‘mje] lecah ier .
Exceptions: in some nouns and adjectives, for example: hiver , cher [ʃ ɛ: r] mer ,hier ,fer ,ver .
- ph reads like: le paragraphe.
- X the end of the word is unreadable: vieu x les yeu x .
The exception is numerals six And dix, where the letter X pronounced like .
When linking a letter X pronounced like: deu x amis , si x elèves .
- f in the numeral neuf when bound, pronounced as before the word heure (and several other words): neu f heures
- t in the group ti + the vowel is read either as or as.
The most common reading with sound is: na ti onal lademocra ti e ac ti onner ter ti aire
If the group ti + the vowel is preceded by the letter s, then t is always read as: le ves ti aire .
- There is a letter at the end of the word r usually unreadable: tro p , lesiro p
- z reads like: quator z e , zé ro .
- gn read as [ŋ]: espa gn ol [εs -pa -‘ŋɔ l ].
- After a group of indivisible consonants, the letter i retains its vowel, and the following vowel is usually slightly iotated: l'ouvr i er , oubl i er .
- Any vowel that comes before nasal consonants n And m, which are in the same syllable with it, acquires a nasal timbre, and consonants n And m not readable: lef on d b om barder .
“an, am, en, em” give a nasal sound [ɑ̃]: enfant [ɑ̃fɑ̃], ensemble [ɑ̃sɑ̃bl].
“on, om” give a nasal sound [ɔ̃]: fond, nom.
“in, im, ein, aim, ain, yn, ym” give a nasal sound [ɛ̃]: jardin [ Ʒardɛ̃], importer [ɛ̃porte], sympa, pain.
“un, um” give a nasal sound [œ̃]: un [œ̃], parfum.
“oin” read [wɛ̃]: foin.
“ien” read [jɛ̃]: bien.
If the nasal consonant is doubled (nn, mm) or the consonant is followed by a vowel, the nasal timbre of the vowel is destroyed, and the consonant is read: é con om e s on ner .
- When a nasal vowel is associated with the next word beginning with a vowel, the nasal timbre of the nasal vowel is preserved, but between it and the vowel of the next word a consonant n appears, which is attached to this vowel, forming with it one syllable: o n achete[ɔ ̃ -na - ʃ εt ].
- ç reads like legarç on laleç on .
- y between two vowels corresponds to two i, of which one forms a sound-letter combination with the preceding vowel, and the other gives an iotated sound with the subsequent vowel: bala y er (=ba -lai -ier) lecra y on (=le crai -ion) .
- In most cases the letter r in the middle of a word before t is not readable: com p ter unescul p ture .
- gu before vowels it is usually read as: conju gu er leguide .
- After the nasal vowel the letter With the end of the word is unreadable: blan c .
- Letter X in words starting with ex-, inex-, reads like:
1) before vowels: l‘ e x amen , ine x orable .
2) before consonants: e x terne, l'excursion.
In the middle of a word x mostly read both before a consonant and before a vowel: lami x ture , lele x ique .
In ordinal numbers deuxiè me'second', sixiè me'sixth', dixiè me'tenth' x is read as .
34. The endings of verbs are not read “ -ent”: ilsparlent.
35. Letter combination “ ill” reads like [j] (after a vowel) or (after a consonant): famille.
Exceptions: ville, mille, tranquille, Lille and their derivatives.
